World History – Chapter 17 "Renaissance and Reformation"

Rebirth, refers to the revival of art and learning (1300-1600)

Intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

Worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with here and now

People who supported the artists financially

Technique used in art to show three dimensions on a flat surface

Native Language (not Latin)

A growth of these in Northern Italy, which where a Bubonic Plague in the 1300s kills 60% of population. This disrupts the economy

A wealthy family of bankers, rulers, and patrons of the arts that controlled Florence and much of Italy

Must excel in many fields: the classic arts, politics, and combat; Baldassare Castiglione writes "The Courtier" in 1528; the "universal" person

Upper class, educated, and charming; inspire art but not create it; d'Este, patron of the arts, wields power in Mantua

Wrote "The Divine Comedy" about a soul reaching salvation

Wrote "The Prince", which advices rulers and explains how people can gain power (and keep it)

Pardon of the Church releasing the sinner from penalty

Movement for religious reform

Luther and his followers were a separate religious group and called this

Term applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches

Spreads secular ideas which challenges church authority; created by Johannes Gutenberg; first form made in China; first book printed was The Bible

Very extravagant but corrupt, some of them were poorly educated and could barely read

They stressed the Bible's authority over clergy's

They were vocal critics of the Church

This attacked "pardon merchants" and was posted by Martin Luther on a church door in 1517; written in Latin; intended audience was the Church

He was protested by Martin Luther for selling indulgences

People can win salvation by faith, not by good works; Christian teachings must be based on the Bible, not the Pope; All people with faith are equal and can interpret the Bible without priests

He issued a decree threatening to excommunicate Luther in 1520, but Luther refuses

He was the Holy Roman Emperor and issued the Edict of Werms (1521), declaring Luther a heretic

Inspired by Luther and the Reformation; Luther didn't support them; 100,000 people die

The Princes that sided with Luther

In 1555, it was a decree that said that each prince can decide the religion of his state

He had only one daughter; wanted a divorce, but turned into an annulment; had 6 wives; became the official head of the English Church

The Church of England; formed by Queen Elizabeth I

God has known from the beginning of time who will be saved (very few)

Religion based on John Calvin's teachings

Government controlled by religious leaders

John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland and his followers had this name

Christians who were old enough to decide to be Christian; they opposed wars; Forerunners of Mennonites and Amish

A movement within the Church to help Catholics remain loyal. Ignatius of Loyola was VERY important

The Society of Jesus (made schools, converted people to Catholicism, and stopped the spread of Protestantism)

Church's interpretation of the Bible is final

He said that the ideal government is theocracy -- his followers in France are called Huguenots

French followers of Calvinism; massacred in Paris in 1572 by Catholics

He was a leading Catholic reformer; his spiritual exercises called for meditation, prayer, and study

Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV, who used Inquisition to seek out heresy

Issued by Pope Paul IV in 1539; 10,000 books burned in one day

Catholic Church is unified; Catholics and Protestants create schools across Europe; women's status does not improve

Catholic Church's power lessens; brings intellectual ferment; pushes forth the Enlightenment

Raphael's best known work of art

Michelangelo painting

Leonardo Da Vinci painting