AP World History Ming/Qing China, Tokugawa Japan

1368-1644

The Mongols in 1368 (Yuan Dynasty)

The Qing dynasty in 1644 (Manchu)

Based on trade and agriculture until 1433 when China began a policy of isolationism. After this point, trade suffered.

Efficient system based on Confucian ideals. Scholar-Administrators chosen by examination results. Emperor considered "Son of Heaven" and given power through a "Mandate of Heaven".

1) Sinocentric view 2) Isolationism 3) Art (porcelain especially) 4) Building the "Forbidden City" and Great Wall

1) Isolationism 2) Peasant uprisings (high taxes and famine) 3) Invasions from Manchuria 4) Corruption

1644-1911

The Ming Dynasty

Foreign domination and eventually the Chinese Nationalists (Guomindang)

Based primarily on agriculture

Adopted Ming examination system. Shared government positions with native Chinese while reserving the top positions for Manchus.

1) Continued Sinocentric view 2) Continued isolationism 3) Military expansion of the empire 4) Social segregation of Manchu and Chinese culture

1) Isolationism 2) Rapid population growth and lack of food 3) Government corruption 4) British influence (opium, etc.)

1603-1867

Ashikaga Shogunate

Meiji Era

Based on agriculture and internal trade. Became capitalist by 1700s

Unified under the absolute power of the Shogun. Daimyo (nobles) were responsible for government at the local level

1) Extreme isolationism and anti-foreign sentiments 2) Enforced loyalty of daimyo to shogun 3) Strict social hierarchy 4) Eventual development of capitalism and wealthy merchant class 5) Development of new forms of art (kabuki, woodblock prints) 6) New inferior roles for women

1) Isolationism 2) Feudalism did not meet nation's needs under capitalism

1) Native to China (then spreads into Japan, Korea...) 2) Based on the teachings of Kung-fu-Tse born 551 CE 3) A philosophy of ethics turned into a religion after the death of Confucius

1) Courage with good judgment 2) Education and self-criticism 3) Filial duty (emperor, father) 4) Good human relationships 5) Wise and just government

1) Emerged during Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) 2) Rejected Buddhist faith but adapted their themes to Confucian values 3) Some elements of Taoism

Sour expression (rules)

Bitter expression (suffering)

Happy expression (natural)

1) Dominance of scholar-officials 2) Accepted level of corruption 3) Lack of ambition 4) Investing only in low risk land 5) No need for industrial capitalism to replace labor

1) Pope = Emperor 2) King = Shogun 3) Counts/Dukes = Daimyo 4) Lords = Greater Samurai 5) Knights = Samurai

Sword = Shintoism and Chrysanthemum = Zen Buddhism; together they influence samurai culture

1) Native to Japan 2) Nationalistic 3) Does not spread

1) Courage 2) (Filial) Loyalty 3) Cleanliness (5-7 pm reserved for bathing)

1) Cowardess 2) Theft

1) Made so it can't be explained 2) Unlike any other religion 3) Setori = enlightenment

1) Meditation 2) Internal Searching 3) Self-control/Self-discipline

1) Courage/Cowardess 2) Loyalty 3) Cleanliness 4) Toughness (mental + physical)

1) Duty 2) Filial loyalty 3) Education

1) Social hierarchy 2) Obedience to ruler

1) Social behavior 2) Acceptance of status in society

1) First to establish trading post empire 2) Did not conquer territory 3) Focused on controlling trade by forcing merchant ships to pay duties at >50 fortified trading sites 4) Intolerant Catholic missionaries 5) Afonso d' Alboquerque 6) Controlled Asian trade for most of 1500s

1) Did not conquer territory 2) Controlled trade with less use of force than Portugal 3) No real attempts at religious conversion 4) Had faster, larger, cheaper-to-operate ships than Portugal 5) Known for very efficient commercial stock company 6) Dominated Asian trade from late 1500s to early 1700s

1) Conquered and colonized territory by late 1500s 2) Emphasis on conversion to Christianity 3) Philippines was a key link in Spain's "Manila Galleons" trade

1) Focused on creating an expanding land empire into Asia and south to the Caspian Sea 2) Primary commodity was furs 3) Limited, unsuccessful attempts to convert indigenous peoples to Orthodox Christianity

1) Corn (N to O) animal feed = change human diets, population boom in Europe 2) Horse (O to N) transforms Native American lives 3) Disease (both) kills millions, exterminates civs. 4) Potato (N to O) "The World's Perfect Food", fed Europe's poor 5) Sugar (O to N) main catalyst of African slavery

1) Magnetic compasses 2) Astrolabe 3) Lateen sails 4) New ships (caravel, carrack, galleons) 5) Improved guns/powder 6) Stern rudder 7) Printing press 8) Sailing strategies (volto do mar)

1) King/Queen (Spain) 2) Council of the Indies (Spain) 3) Viceroys (Americas) 4) Local Officials (Americas)

1) Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico + Cali) 2) Viceroyalty of Granada (Colombia + Central Am.) 3) Viceroyalty of the Rio de La Plata (Central SA) 4) Viceroyalty of Peru (Peru + Chile)

1) Peninsulares (Born on Iberian Peninsula; 100% Spanish blood) 2) Creoles (100% Spanish blood; Born in New Spain) 3) Mestizos (1/2 Spanish 1/2 NA blood; Born in New Spain) 4) Native Americans

Grant of labor rights for conquistadores in the New World

The "draft" for encomiendas

Huge plantations

1) Christopher Columbus 2) Hernan Cortes 3) Francisco Pizarro 4) Magellan

Mexico, Western South America, Caribbean, Florida, Southwest USA, California, Central America, Philippines

1) Gold/silver 2) Plantations (sugar) 3) Settlements

1) Cabot 2) Drake

East Coast USA, Newfoundland, East Canada, Belize, Coastal India

1) Settlements 2) Plantations (sugar, tobacco) 3) Fishing

1) Prince Harry 2) Vasco de Gama 3) Dias

Brazil, Azores, Coastal Western Africa, Macao

1) Asian trade 2) Plantations (sugar) 3) Brazilwood

Hudson

NYC, northern NJ, Tip of Africa, Indonesia, Suriname, Guyana, Malaysia, Singapore

1) Asian trade 2) "Carrying trade"

1) de Champlain 2) Marquette 3) La Salle

Mississippi River Basin, Great Lakes, Central Canada, French Guiana

1) Furs 2) Some plantations (sugar)

1) Stockpile precious metals 2) "Positive Balance of Trade" (export > import)

1) "Mother Country" will buy cheap, raw materials from colony 2) Restrictions on colonial manufacturing and trade forces colony to buy expensive "finished goods" from "Mother Country" 3) Colony was forced to use/pay for "Mother Country" ships to transport goods

1) The Commercial Revolution 2) Greater disparity between social classes leads to unrest 3) Rapid inflation contributes to downfall of Spain

1) Increased variety of goods 2) Increase in slave trade

1) Quest for colonies to improve European nation's balance of trade and power 2) Colonial areas drained of resources

Knowledge

1) Era of European domination begins 2) Largest genocide in history (disease) 3) Slavery expands/Conflict in Africa

1) Vast migration of people 2) Population growth in Europe and Africa

1) Shift in center of trade from Italy to Northern Europe, Spain, and Portugal 2) Increase in modern capitalism 3) Increased mass production/domestic system replaces guilds 4) Increased investments (joint stock companies) 5) Increased banking and insurance