World History final exam notes

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invented the printing press

German theologian who led the Reformation

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

Members of the Society of Jesus, staunch Catholics. Led by Loyola.

an inability to resist the gratification of whims and desires

the state of being excommunicated

invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects

movement that wished to change or restructure the Catholic Church. Persons who objected to the excesses and corruption in the Roman Catholic Church

reaffrimed all traditional catholic doctrine with Protestants.

an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation

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Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)

a japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)

a triangular fore-and-aft sail used especially in the Mediterranean

Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

the imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences

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Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China in 1492 (1451-1506)

Spanish conquistador of the 1500's who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire.

Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain

Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish

Age of Reason. 18th Century. Slave Narrative. The Narrative of Equiano

an adventurer (especially one who led the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century)

a person of mixed spanish and native american ancestry

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

an economic system based on private ownership of capital

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts

an economic system to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

a former village on the James River in Virginia north of Norfolk

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

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French prelate and statesman

king of France from 1643 to 1715

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people

the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

the civil right to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as protection against illegal imprisonment

the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

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Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

English mathematician and physicist

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

3rd President of the United States

Heliocentric means "sun-centered", or the current way astronomers look at our solar system. the sun at the center and all the the other planets encircling it. Geocentric means "earth-centered", or the astrological or pre-Copernicus view of our solar system. the Earth at the center and the Sun, Moon, and planets encircling it.

Member of a group of Enlightenment thinkers who tried to apply the methods of science to the improvement of society

Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses