Visualizing Psychology – 2nd Edition

derives from the root psyche meaning "mind" and logos meaning "word"

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

a unifying them of modern psychology that considers biological, psychological, and social process.

studies and treats mental illness and mental retardation

coping with everyday living and development

study and comparision of the behaviors of diverse animal species, often under controlled laboratory experiments, in order to discover general principles of behavior.

how cultural factors influence human behavior. Increasing numbers of psychologists investigatehow behavior differs among various cultures throughout the world

studies change in human behavior from early life to death.

studying the mental processes involved in perceptions, learning, memory, and reasoning

concerned with the learning processes and psychological issues associated with the teaching and training of students

gender encompasses a variety of domains including personality traits(consistant ways of being in the world), gender role (attitudes, behaviors, and self-presentation), and self-concept (identities and beliefs); and is determined by a complex blend of nature and nuture influence

study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare

study of social behavior, especially of the reciprocal influence of the individual and the group with wich the individual interacts.

effects of brain damage on behavior and the mind.

studies the mental adaptations of humans to a changing environment, especially differences in behavior, cognition, and brian structure

- "Father of Experimental Psychology" - established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 in Germany - helped train the first scientific psychologist - wrote "Principles of Physiological Psychology" - primarily interested in how we form sensations, images, and feelings

- brought Wundt's ideas to the U.S. - STRUCTURALISM was his approach - sought to identify the basic building blocks, or structures, of mental life though INTROSPECTION could not be used to study animals, children, or more complex mental disorders - structuralism established a model for studying mental processes scientifically

- broadened psychology to include animal behavior, biologicial processes, and behaviors - wrote "Principles of Psychology" (1890) became the leading psychology text - was the leading force in the FUNCTIONALIST school

how the mind functions to adapt humans and o ther animals to their environment

observation or examination of one's own mental and emotional state, mental processes, etc.; the act of looking within oneself

the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events, in contrast with subjective mental states.

emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior

adopted Ivan Pavlov's concept of conditioning to explain behavior as a result of observable stimuli (in the environment) and observable responses (behavioral actions)

- Russian Physiologist - concept of conditioning to explain behavior as a result of observable stimuli (in the environment) and observable responses (behavioral actions) - non human animals were ideal subjects for this research

- one of the most influential psychologists of the twentieth century. - believed that by using basic learning principles to shape human behavior, we could change what he perceived as the negative course of humankind.

- thereapeutic techniques rooted in the behavioral problems such as phobias and alcoholism.

perceptual pattern or structure possessing qualities as a whole that cannot be described merely as a sum of its parts. - "Whole greater than the sum of its parts"

clinical approach to personality, as Freud's that sees personality as the result of a dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious factors.

without an awareness, sensation, or cognition

- believed that many psychological problems are caused by conflicts between "acceptable" and "unacceptable" unconscious sexual or aggressive motives. - theory provided a basis for a system of theraphy known as psychoanalysis - founded the psychoanalytic school in Europe - his non-scientific approach and emphasis on sexual and aggressive impulses have long been controversial, and today there are few strictly Fruedian psychoanalysts left.

- theory affected psychotheraphy, psychiatry, and modern psychodynamic psychologist, who focused on the importance of unconscious process and unresolved past conflicts

-person having strong interest in or concern for human welfare values, and dignity. - person devoted or versed in the humanities.

free and independent choice; voluntary decision: You took on the responsibility of your own free will. - doctrine that the conduct of human beings expresses personal choice and is not simply determined by physical or divine forces.

pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgement, and reasoning - Thought, problem solving, reasoning, memory, learning

- Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher - known for his epistemological studies with children - his theory cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology" - placed great importance on education of children - Dir of International Bureau of Education - created International Center for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva.

branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge - questions what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and the possible extent a given subject or entity can be known.

scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental states. (since behavior is controlled by the nervous system it is important to study how the brain functions in order to understand behavior)

any clinical approach to personality, as Freud's that sees personality as the result of a dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious factors

pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgement, and reasoning, as contrasted with emotional and volitional processes

- debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. - centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development - some philosphers such as Plato and Descartes suggested that certain things are inborn, or that they simply occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. - other well known thinkers such as John Locke believed in what is know as tabula rasa (the mind begins as a blank slate) meaning everything we are and all of our knowledge is determined by our experience.

the material world, especially as surrounding humankind and existing independently of human activities.

to bring up; train; educate.

- consists of everything inside of our awareness. - aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about in a rational way. - includes sensations, perceptions, memories, feeling and fantasies inside of our current awareness.

- closely allied wiht the conscious mind is preconscious, which includes the things that we are not thinking of at the moment but which we can easily draw into conscious awareness.

mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness. - mostly unacceptable and unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict - Freud said unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences

can be noted through one of the senses (seen, heard, tasted, smelled, or felt) - described by action words such as touching, walking, saying or writing. *do not include feelings or intentions which are inferred from other behaviors*

- associated with the brain.

- can include thoughts, memory, problem solving skills and language

how much of our behavior is a matter of free will, and how much is subject to determinism

choices made freely by an individual

notion that behavior is largely produced by factors beyond people's willful control

1. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic (unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts)*person dreaming* 2. Behavioral (objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior) *rat in box* 3. Humanistic (free-will, self-actualization, and human nature as naturally positive and growth-seeking*looking in mirror* 4.

Cognitive (thinking, perceiving, problem solving, memory, language, and information processing)*man thinking* 5. Neuroscientific/Biopsychological(genetics and biologicial processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system)*brain* 6. Evolutionary (natural selection, adaptation, and evolution of behavior and mental processes)*man/monkey* 7. Sociocultural (social interaction and the cultural determinants of behavior and mental process)*globe*

pertaining to, or signifying the combination or interaction of social and cultural elements.

the act of willing, choosing, or resolving