Conversation
What from of communication has much in common with modern public speaking?
1. Public speaking is more planned than conversation.
2. Public speaking is more formal than conversation.
3.
The nonverbal communication of public speakers is also more formal than nonverbal behavior in ordinary conversation 4. The physical distance between public speakers and their audience is usually greater than that between people in conversation 5. In public speaking the roles of speaker and audience are more clearly defined and remain stable than an ordinary conversation
What are the similarities and differences between everyday conversation and public speaking?
when audience members see the speaker and decode his or her nonverbal symbols
List and discuss the components of the visual channel of communication
eye contact(or lack of it), facial expressions, posture, gestures, and dress
when using visual channel what are some nonverbal symbols that are used?
Visual Channel
If the speaker uses an visual aids, such as graphs or models, these are transmitted along the?
visual and auditory
What 2 channels does a speaker use to transmit messages?
Declamation
the delivery of an already famous address-- and of elocusion
They can be both external and internal
Can noise in the communication process be external, internal, or both?
understanding different cultures is necessary
the twenty-first century of a new era in speech making, we know that?
Concurrent between speaker and audience
The sending and receiving of messages during a speech is?
decoding
When a speaker uses jargon that you dont understand, what are you experiencing?
Being audience centered
Considering your audience is at the center of the model because the needs, attitudes, beliefs, values and other characteristics of your audience influences the topic you choose and ever step of the speech making process
1. adjust your topic and pattern of organization
2. Adjust your delivery style
3. Adjust your dress
To adapt to the cultural expectations of your audience, you may need to do the following:
external noise.
Ex: the roar of a lawn mower or a noisy air conditioner
is physical, such as:
Internal noise. Ex: A bad cold(physiological noise) may cloud a speaker's memory or subdue his or her delivery, an audience member who is worried about an upcoming exam (psychological noise) is unlikely to remember what the speaker says
may stem from either physiological or psychological causes and may directly affect either the source or the receiver. Ex:?
Yes it will
Will the ability to speak with competence and confidence provide empowerment?
No, it is not
Are slang expressions perfectly appropriate for most types of public speaking?
Visual Channel
What is affected by a speaker's posture and gestures?
An audience-centered speaker
A speaker who analyses the listener and the occasion and adapts the speech to them is defined by your text as?
The attitude that one's own cultural approach is superior to those from other cultures
What is ethnocentrism?
their socioeconomic status
A speaker who analyzes the audience's income, occupation, and education is interested in?
psychological analysis
Trying to determine what an audience believes or thinks about a speech topic?
gender
The culturally-based perception of self as masculine or feminine?
Situational analysis
An examination by the speaker of the time and place of the speech, size of the expected audience, and the speaking occasion?
attitudes
In a psychological analysis, which of the following are reflections of the audience's likes or dislikes?
beliefs
In a psychological analysis, which of the following concepts are what the audience asserts as true or false?
The time and place of your speech, the size of your audience, and the occasion
A situation audience analysis includes an evaluation of?
a demographically analysis
Collecting information about an audience concerning their age range, gender, and ethnicity is part of?
Informal audience analysis
observing your audience and asking questions about them are forms of?
An open-ended question
Asking a question such as "What do you believe the state should do about funding education?" is an example of?
Audience beliefs and topics
Which of these characteristics would be examined as part of a psychological audience analysis?
people who much attendance
A captive audience would best be described as?
necessary as part of the complete audience-centered speaker
Analyzing and adapting to your audience as you speak is_____________________
target audience
The specific group of audience members that you, as a speaker, most wish to address or influence is your ________
Photgraphs
What can a speaker add to his or her speech that will likely appeal to most members of a very diverse audience?
nonverbal feedback from the audience
A speaker much be aware of ___________________ in order to adapt the speech as he or she speaks
being audience-centered
Considering the needs, interests, and expectations of listeners during the entire speech preparation process is called?
general purpose
Speeches that you present will be either to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. This goal for your speech is known as its?
central idea
A complete, declarative sentence that summarizes your speech is known as the?
Specific purpose
When wording the statement of your ______, use verbs that refer to observable or measurable behavior
to change or reinforce an audience's beliefs and/or urge action(act as an advocate)
The general purpose of a persuasive speech is?
determining your main ideas
Searching for logical divisions in a subject is a strategy for?
consider the audience
when you find out as much abour your audience's needs, interests, and expectations prior to selecting a topic, you are fulfilling which guidelines for selecting a topic?
They have a list of topics divided into categories, and subcategories
When searching for a speech topic, web directories, such as Yahoo, are helpful because?
Brainstorming
When you make a list of your own interests, and just begin writing as much topics related to these as you can think of without stopping to consider them, you are using a technique known as?
Finding logical divisions
When you structure your speech topic into main points, based on a reasonable, appropriate progression of ideas, what aspect of organization are you accomplishing?
is a single sentence summarizing your speech
A properly worded central idea or thesis statement is?
choose a topic of interest to you
What technique in selecting a speech topic will best motivate both your research and delivery?
Audience
The ______ is an equally important element topic selection, in addition to the interests or knowledge of the speaker
when scanning a Web directory like Yahoo
Many times, something you read _____________ can generate a great idea for a speech topic
a "blueprint" of a speech
When combined with a central idea, a preview statement can form __________
magazines and journals
The term "periodicals" refers to?
the World Wide Web
The internet delivery system that brings information to your computer as text, graphics, audio, and visual images is know as?
LEXIS-NEXIS
One excellent full-text database that includes periodicals, newspapers, government documents, and law journals is?
Interviewing
Discussing your speech topic with someone who is knowledgeable on the subjects is a method of gathering support material known as?
hoer or his own personal experience and knowledge
What is the first source of supporting material a speaker should rely upon?
The URL, or uniform resource locator
The address of each Web site or page is known as?
Accountability
This is considered a critical factor in evaluating Web resources-
Stacks
Libraries collections of books are generally called?
The internet
What resource would you use in order to conduct a Boolean search?
to establish a purpose or objective for the interview
What is the first step in preparing for an interview with someone about your speech topic?
Plan possible presentation aids
Once you have found adequate verbal sources as supporting material for a speech, what should you do, according to your text?
an interview
After your conversation with a representative from the health and wellness program at a local hospital, you organize your notes and decide which statements to quote in your speech. This form of supporting material is termed?
peview and rank them
How do you select the resources which will have the most value in preparing for your speech?
Web pages or sites which are automatically linked
What is a hyperlink?
Yes
Is it essential to evaluate Web resources before using them for speech research?
Considering your personal experience and knowledge
When planning a speech, you should always begin by?
Periodicals
________ are more up-to-date than books, but newspapers are more current than periodicals
Extended illustration
A lengthy illustration with a plot beginning, climatic point, and end
a brief illustration
A short illustration of no longer than a sentence or two
in the form of a metaphor or similie
A figurative analogy is?
expert testimony
When someone, who is a recognized authority in a specialized area, states his/her opinion, this is considered?
description
Producing word pictures that allow your audience to mentally see, hear, smell, touch, or taste something is a process known as?
explaining why
If, as supporting material for a speech, you give reasons or causes for a policy, principle, or event, you are?
when your topic is controversial
When is it a good idea to use expert testimony in a speech?
Use reputable, authoritative, unbiased sources for your statistics
What are important guidelines for the use of statistics in a speech?
Magnitude
The more experts who support your viewpoint and the larger the numbers you cite reflect a principle within selecting the best supporting material known as?
choose and use a variety of supporting material
A skilled public speaker must learn to?
Hold the attention of your audience
Explanations should have vivid and specific language in order to capture and.
..?
set up the causes for a cause-solution speech
In explaining "why" a speaker can?
the organizational pattern
The method a speaker uses to arrange her or his main ideas
Chronological pattern
The pattern of speech rrganization used in a speech topic that progresses in order of time
topical
When your central idea naturally divides into various areas to be supported, the organizational pattern
spatial
If your speech topic concerns something that occupies physical space, the organizational pattern may be?
Problem-solution
A speech topic that presents an issue that needs resolving can effectively be organized as?
Problem-solution pattern
A speech organizational pattern which goes one step beyond cause and effect to discuss ways to alter, fix, or correct an effect
Hypothetical illusions, description, and opinions
What 3 things are considered to be soft evidence
recency
When you save the most important material for llast
preview
Telling the audience your main ideas before you begin to develop your speech
To keep your audience on track with your speech
The main reason to use previews, summaries, and signposts is...?
enumerate your main ideas
One way to signpost your speech is to
enumerate your main ideas
to keep your audience on track with your speech
dividing main points into sub points
After speakers have organized their main points, what is the next step?
integrating supporting materials smoothly
when you state a main idea, cite the source, present the material, and then explain how the material supports the main idea, you are
Nonverbal signposts
A planned pause in a speech may be used as
Signposts
Transitions, previews, and summaries are all examples of
Nonverbal transition
A change in facial expression, a pause, an altered vocal pitch or speaking rate, or a movement all may indicate a
review the logical divisions, reasons, or series of steps you identified when you narrowed your topid
Before organizing your main points, it is wise to
principle of recency
The _________ means that an audience will best remember your last supporting point
Note cards
Using _____ _____ to record supporting materials, then rearranging these cards, is an efficient method of planning your speech
Using visuals as aids to verbal signposts
_______________________ will improve your audience's ability to follow your speech
preparation outline
Just as a traveler needs a map for a journey, a speaker needs a man for a speech.
This detailed map of a speech is a
preparation outline
The speaker's outline which cocntains the specific purpose, the introduction, all main ideas with supporting material, and a conclusion is a
mapping
Writing down your main ideas, sub points, and supporting material, then using geometric shapes and arrows to indicate logical relationships is a technique known as
to insure that all main ideas and sub points are clearly and logically arranged and adequately supported
The ultimate goal of the planning period with your outline is
delivery or speaking outline
The _____________ is shorter than the preparation
use at least 2 subdivisions, if any, for each point
What is one of the features of the standard outline form?
everything but directions for delivering your speech
When developing a preparation outline, you should write out..?
brief and have speaking notes
The delivery outline should be..?
the delivery(or speaking) outline
When you finally divery your speech, you should speak from the.
.?
type or print information so that itt can be easily read
What tip is suggested regarding the use of speaking notes?
Whatever system makes sense and works best for the speaker
What is preferable as speaking notes?
Yes, notes written in the margins of a delivery outline can help a speaker adjust in the delivery
If you are worried about speaking too fast in a speech, should you write "slow down" type notes to yourself on your delivery outline?
Yes; comments like this are effective delivery reminders on speaking notes
On the evaluations for your previous two speeches, you received a comment about a "speedy vocal delivery" you want to make sure not to repeat that mistake on you next speaking assignment, so you write in the margins of your note cards "slow down" is the proper for speaking notes?
preparation outline
The _________ _________ can be viewed a a map of your speech
delivery outline
The _____ ______ should include transitions, citations, and directions for delivery
oral is more personall
Allowing the speaker and audience to interact characterizes what distinction between oral and written styles of language?
less formal
A speaker's ability to use shorter words and phrases characterizes what quality of oral from written language?
more repetition
A speaker's ability to state, restate and phrases characterizes what distinction of oral language?
use ambiguous words
All of the following are effective strategies for using words except this technique
connotative
____________ meanings of words are not normally found in the dictionary
Ethnic vernaculars
___________ refers to words that combine the English language with other languages
Regionalist
________refers to words that reflect a speaker and audience's geographical background
Jargon
_______ refers to words unique to a speaker's particular hobby or profession
metaphors
Which of the following is a figure of speech that uses an implied comparison?
Similie
_________ is a figure of speech comparing two things using the term "like" or "as"
Parallelism
______ occurs when 2 or more clauses or sentences have the same grammatical pattern
Antithesis
_______ occurs when a sentence has 2 parts with parallel structures, but contrasting meaning
aliteration
_______ occurs when a key word or phrase gives rhythm and power to a message, making it memorable
repetition
_________occurs when a consonant sound is repeated several times in a phrase, clause or sentence
standard U.S. English
When speaking to a very diverse audience, it is best to use?
Oral language styles
_________ tend to use more pronouns
present information so that your audience will be interested, understand and remember
The three goals of an informative speech?
teacher
The speaker in an informative speech acts as a
objects
The type of informative speech that concerns anything you can see or touch is a speech about
ideas
An informative speech that discusses principles, concepts, and theories is classified as a speech about
androgogy
The ary and science of teaching adults to learn
to maintain interest
When a speaker shows the audience that the information presented will affect them directly, he or she is fulfilling which goal of information speaking?
about half
One day after a presentation, most audience members will remember?
Adults like to be actively involved in the learning process
This is a generally accepted principle of adult learning
Description
In an informative speech, when you talk about how an object feels, how something tastes, or how an emotion feels, you are invoking the power of
conflict, action, and suspense
An effective way to keep an audience's attention is to tell a story. according to your text, what are elements that make a good story?
to present information that the audience can understand and remember, which maintaining their interest
The primary goals of informative speaking are
report
The most common type of work-related presentation asking you how to increase sales or communicate policy or information is a
public relations speech
A work-related speech in which you address an audience outside of your organization about what your group does or a special project that your group would like to support for is a
toast
when offering a brief salute to a special occasion or person, you are giving a
acceptance speech
A special-occasion speech in which you briefly express your heartfelt thanks is an
speech of introduction
A special-occasion in speech in which one of your goals is to build another speaker's credibility is a
Keynote address
Paula is asked to deliver a speech that sets the tone for a childcare conference.
What type of special-occasion speech will she give?
after-dinner speech
Although this special-occasion speech may inform or persuade, its primary goal is to entertain
hyperbole
______ relies upon exaggeration, and is often humerous
to communicate information or policty
When presenting a report in your workplace, your general purpose is
developing a plan to counter objections and problems
In a public relations presentation, the speaker should anticipate and prepare for criticism by
be brief and accurate
What 2 criteria are most important when making a speech of introduction?
the nominee's qualifications for this award or office
When you make a speech placing someone's name in nomination for an office or award, what should you be sure to mention?
Comment on the meaning or the significance of the award to you
When you make an acceptance speech, what is important to keep in mind?
praise the graduating class
When delivering a commencement address, the speaker should
informative speaker
In a speech of tribute to a person, you are essentially what kind of speaker?
workplace public speaking
Routine summaries at meetings, reports to the board, sales pitches to clients, and training seminars for coworkers are all examples of
anticipate objections in the minds of your listeners and answer those objections in your speech
When giving a public relations speech, you should..
a reference to the occasion, a brief history of the award and its significance, and the naming of the person receiving the award
The three necessary elements for an award-presentation speech are
thank the person making the presentation and the organization that person represents
The first part of an acceptance speech should be to __________ and the ____________ then, mention a few of the people responsible for your success
eulogy or speech of tribute to someone who died
Some humor may be appropriate in a
Being Audience Centered
involves making decisions about the content and style of your speech before you speak, based on knowledge of your audience's values and beliefs
1.To Inform
2. To persuade
3.
To entertain
Name the 3 types of general speech purposes
To inform
What type of speech is designed to teach, define, illustrate, clarify, or elaborate on a topic?
The central Idea
What aspect of speech preparation contains the summary of your message?
1. The introduction helps captureThe conclusion summarizes your key ideas attention, serves as an overview of of the speech, and provides the audience with reasons to listen to you
2. The body presents the main content of your speech
3.
What are the 3 major divisions of a speech?
Specific purpose
a concise statement indicating what you want your listeners to be able to do when you finish your speech
To ensure logical divisions, reasons or steps
Why is a complete outline of your speech necessary?
To rehearse your speech aloud, standing just as you will when you deliver it to your audience
What is the best way to rehearse a speech?
Before
Does audience centeredness begin before or after a speech
The central idea
identifies the essence of your message.
you can think of it as a one sentence summary of the speech
When you are organizing your speech
When should you prepare your introductions and conclusions?
Ethics
are the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong
Ethical communication
fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels and media
accomodation
The willingness to listen to different viewpoints and understand beliefs and values other than your own
Any ethical speaker is one who has a clear, responsible goal, uses sound, evidence, and reasoning, is sensitive to any tolerance of differences, is honest and avoids plagarism
What is speaking ethically?
1. do your own work
2. Acknowledge your sources
3. take careful notes
4. cite sources correctly
how do you avoid plagiarism?
freedom of speech
What does the first amendment of the constitution guarantee?
accommodation
What is tolerance for differences?
responsibility to speak ethically
to speak freely must be balanced by?
Ethos
what term does Aristotle use in referring to a speakers confidence
the author, the title, and the year
When citing your sources orally in a speech what should you do?
to manage your nervousness so that it does not create internal noise that it keeps you speaking effectively
When facing public speaking anxiety what should be the goal of the speaker?
1.
pupil dilatation 2. increase blood flow 3. extra adrenaline 4. increase indorphanes to block pain 5.
increased heart rate
List at least 3 physical change(improves your energy level and helps you function better)
1. be prepared
2. be organized
3. breathe
4. make practice real
5. give yourself a mental peptalk
list and explain 5 methods to reduce speech anxiety?
understanding why you are nervous.
you feel more nervous than you look.
Your perception of the speaking event, your self image, and your self esteem interacts to create speech anxiety . what should you do to ease yourself before delivering the speech
physical changes improves your energy level and helps you function better, your heightened state of readines can actually help you speak better
how can anxiety be useful?
125, 700
we can speak ______ words per minute and listen to ___
content oriented listeners
a person who likes their information delivered with lots of facts and details is likely a?
receiver apprehension
a listener who suffers from a fear of misunderstand or misinterpreting messages is said to have
1. people oriented listeners(expressing feeling and emotions)
2. action orientation listeners(skeptical, wants evidence)
3. content orientative listeners(like facts and details)
4.
time orientation listeners (like the speaker to get to the point)
what are the different types of listening?
receiver apprehension (use a tape recorder, take accurate notes)
a fear of misunderstanding, misinterpretation, or not being able to adjust psychologically to messages spoken by others
1. listen for pleasure(enjoy it)
2. listen for empathize(stop, look and listen)
3. listen to evaluate(judgement about it)
4. listen for information(listen for the details, link to major ideas)
what are the 4 major listening goals?
remember
when listeners recall ideas and information presented to them
Time lag
the difference in which we speak and we process
selfish listener
the process of listening relating material to their own experiences and knownledge
