Dictionary of the English Language"1.
to illuminate; to supply with light. 2. To quicken in the faculty of vision..."
Samuel Johnson-Defines enlightenment.
Johnson is known for his work as a writer of definitions.
"What is Enlightenment?""I have emphasized the main point of the enlightenment--man's emergence from his self-imposed nonage--primarily in religious matters, because our rulers have no interest in playing the guardian to their subjects in the arts and sciences. Above all, nonage in religion is not only the most harmful but the most dishonorable."
Immanuel Kant-Kant is an empiricist, must know based on physical evidence.
Knowledge comes from experience
The Discourse on Method"I think, therefore I am"
Rene Descartes-Descartes wonders; is it possible to know anything at all? He figures out from all his thinking that he, himself, exists.
"In the Laboratory with Agassiz"""Oh, look at your fish!" he said, and left me again to my own devices. In a little more than an hour he returned, and heard my new catalogue."That is good, that is good!" he repeated; "but that is not all; go on"; and so for three long days he placed that fish before my eyes, forbidding me to look at anything else, or to use any artificial aid. "Look, look, look," was his repeated injunction.
""
Samuel H. Scudder-goes along with the idea of where knowledge can be found, and how. Student is required to study a fish for a long amount of time.
Origin of Species"It may be said that natural selection is daily and hourly scrutinising, throughout the world, every variation, even the slightest; rejecting that which is bad, preserving and adding up all that is good; silently and insensibly working, whenever and wherever opportunity offers, at the improvement of each organic being in relation to its organic and inorganic conditions of life.
"
Charles Darwin-God created the process of natural selection. Comes to conclusions based on reason, and evolution will continue to occur.
"Du Tenth Sinks the Jewel Box in Anger""With strangers, say a third of what you think; don't throw out all your heart's designs at once."*referring to when Sun Fu (the stranger) "conned" Li Jia into selling him Du Tenth*
Feng Menglong-Du Tenth is the prostitute who is in a romance with Li Jia. Du Tenth is the strong heroine character and Li Jia is the weak, wavering man who cannot make firm, consistent decisions. He ends up selling Du Tenth for silvers to a stranger to avoid embarrassment from his family back home only to realize she had plenty of treasures, and Du Tenth drowns herself.
"In a Bamboo Grove""[From the confession of a woman in the kiyomizu temple] What I saw shining there was neither anger nor sorrow. It was the cold flash of contempt-- contempt for me."
Ryunosuke Akutagawa-Testimonies of various people on their take of a murder that occurred in the woods. No actual right answer
"Punishment""When her husband asked her to admit to the murder, Chandara stared at him stunned, her black eyes burnt him like fire."
Rabindranath Tagore-Takes place in India, when women do not have many human rights. Man murders his stubborn wife, and his brother convinces his wife to admit to the crime, although she is obviously innocent.
She is sentenced to death for murder.
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano*written in first person*"But alas! we were soon deprived of even the small comfort ofweeping together. The next day proved a day of greater sorrow than Ihad yet experienced; for my sister and I were then separated, while welay clasped in each other's arms. It was in vain that we besought themnot to part us; she was torn from me, and immediately carried away,while I was left in a state of distraction not to be described."
Olaudah Equiano-autobiographical account of Equiano's experience with slavery.
Paradigm shift of a black man who is educated and literate, as opposed to being a subservient animal without human emotions.
The Races of Men"First, as regards mere physical strength, the dark races are generally much inferior to the Saxon and the Celt; the bracelets worn by the Kaffirs, when placed on our own arms, prove this. Secondly, in size of the brain they seem also considerably inferior to the above races..."
Robert Knox-uses skull shapes to determine the intelligence of races, placing African skulls inferior to the white man.
US Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Leaders of the French Revolution
The Rights of Woman
Olympe de Gouge
Declaration of Sentiments
Lucretia MottELizabeth Cady Stanton@ Seneca Falls Convention
"Class""During the first two years of our marriage, we attended thirty-seven cocktail parties,..."
Sherman Alexie-Edgar Eagle Runner is an Americanized native American married to white lady Susan McDermott. He is a lawyer and She is an architect.
He is getting tired of his marriage and they are both involved in affairs. He gets into a fight with a true Native American over how insignificant his first world problems are compared to his.
"Diary of a Madman"
Lu Xun-Madman is speaking inside of a prison, and suffers from paranoia that everyone is a cannibal and wants to eat him.
"The Red Cocoon"
Abe -Man cannot find a home for himself.
He slowly starts to unravel and become his own home. Modernist text.
The Criminal Man
Cesare Lombroso"Subsequent research on the part of my father and his disciples showed that other factors besides atavism come into play in deter- mining the criminal type. These are: disease and environment."-there are two ways to treat a criminal, the old way and the new way
