Chapter 6: Classical Conditioning: Learning by Association

A process by which behavior or knowledge changes as a result of experience

Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus Ex: the neutral stimulus was the tone because it initially did not elicit any sort of response. It wasn't until after the tone was presented along with the meat powder that it count elicit salivation

The formation of an association between events

An external event or cut that elicits a response

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning Ex: Dog food

A reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus Ex: Salivation in response to dog food

Unlearned

A neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response

A once neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus Ex: The tone that signals food is coming

The learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus Ex: Salivating after hearing the tone

The initial phase of learning in which a response is established Ex: The conditioned salivary response was acquired with numerous pairings of tone and food Therefore, it is the phase in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the US

The loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together

The reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after some time has passed since extinction

A process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to different, though similar stimuli Ex: Pavlov's dogs salivated not just to the original tone, but also to very similar tones as well

Occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus Ex: Pavlov's dogs didn't salivate to any sound, only the tone and tones that sounded similar to the original

Refers to the biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli (we learn to fear snakes more readily than flowers or guns)

The acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with illness

The desired effect lessons with repeated use, and this leads users to increase the dosage

Develops as the body begins associating environmental cues that accompany drug use with the drug itself

A type of learning in which behavior is influenced by consequences Involves voluntary actions such as speaking or listening The consequences of our behavior, whether it is reinforced or punished, determine our operant behavior

A process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

Include a lever or key that the subject can manipulate

A stimulus that is contingent upon a response and increases the probability of that response occurring again

A process that decreases the future probability of a response

A stimulus that is contingent upon a response and results in a decrease in behavior

Consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs (food, water, shelter, and sexual contact)

Consist of reinforcing stimuli that acquire their value through learning (money or good grades)

Is activated during the processing of all kinds of rewards, including primary ones such as eating and having sex, or using cocaine and smoking a cigarette, as well as secondary rewards

The strengthening of behavior after potential reinforcers such as praise, money, or nourishment following that behavior

Involves the strengthening of a behavior because it removes or diminishes a stimulus

1. Avoidance Learning 2.

Escape Learning

Removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur Ex: paying bills on time to avoid a late fee

Occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present Ex: covering your ears upon hearing very loud music (because the music is already present, you can't escape it)

When a behavior decreases because an unpleasant stimulus was introduced as a consequence of the behavior Ex: when cat owners spray their cats with water when the cats jump on the counter

Occurs when a behavior decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular stimulus Ex: a parent who "grounds" a child does so because this action removes something of value to the child

Refers to the weakening of an operant response when reinforcement is no longer available

A cue or event that indicates that a response, if made, will be reinforced

A procedure in which a specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximations

Rules that determine when reinforcement is available

Every response made results in reinforcement (vending machines should deliver a snack every time the correct amount of money is deposited)

Only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available (texting a friend may not always get a response for some period of time)

Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed. Ex: a rat may be required to press a lever 10 times to receive food

The number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average Ex: slot machines

Reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes Ex: If your professor gives you an exam every 3 weeks, your reinforcement for studying is on a F-I S

First response is reinforced following a variable amount of time Ex: if you were watching the nighttime sky during a meteor shower, you would be rewarded for looking upward at irregular times

Refers to a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinctions longer than those that are reinforced continuously

Learning that is not immediately expressed by a response until the organism is reinforced for doing so

Mental representation of physical locations