AP Bio ch 35 animal behavior part 1

to reproduce and pass on their traits

what an animal does and how it does it

study of animal behavior

-result of both genetic and environmental factors -essential for survival and reproduction (fitness) -subject to natural selection over time

study of ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior

HOW an animal behaves; immediate causes

WHY an animal behaves as it does; the evolutionary causes of behavior

a male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory. proximate cause: the red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus that releases aggression in a male stickleback. The ultimate cause: by chasing away other males, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.

genetic and environmental factors.

how genes and environment BOTH influence behavior

-inherited, unlearned -environmental indifference- performed the same way by all members of a species

fixed action patterns: innate behaviors that exhibit unchangeable sequences; CARRIED TO COMPLETION, triggered by a sign stimulus

ensures that activities essential to survival are performed correctly without practice

goose retrieving egg, if no egg, goose will still retrieve

kinesis and taxis

SIMPLE change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus. it's more random

kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stay in a moist environment

AUTOMATIC MOVEMENT. oriented movement. moving toward something for a reason

plants moving toward the light as they grow

changes in behavior of other organisms; reproductive success

signal/stimulus.

sent from one animal to another

transmission and reception

transmission and reception

fiddler crabs. attractive with higher eyes, male waves big claw to get a female's response

pheromones, visual signs, tactile, and auditory signals goal: to ENSURE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, indicate dominance, find food, establish territory

CHEMICALS emitted by members of one species that affect other members of the species.

mating signals and alarm calls -squirrels

bee dance: based on food source, they can tell others a food location by the direction and angle of the sun

male fruit fly tapping female fly legs

screech of blujay

visual and auditory

olfactory (smell) and auditory

case study of "cross-fostering" - where kids of 1 species are put with the parents/young of another species.

california mice vs. white-footed mice affected learned behavior

1) cognition: 2) imprinting 3)learning and problem solving 4) spatial learning 5) associative learning 6) social learning

involves learning and innate components -formation of permanent response to a particular object/individual -has to happen early life time period ex.

lorenz imprinting geese

prox: young geese observe mother moving away from them and calling ult. geese that follow their mother get more care and learn important skills, better chance of survival

won't learn important behaviors if there are no parents and endangered species. ex.

pilot wearing a crane suit teaches whooping cranes a migration route

establishing a memory that reflects environmental structure. ex. where nest is located. wasp went to the pinecones both times, even when the nest was moved

ability to associate one stimulus with another ex. blujay throwing up monarch bad taste

classical conditioning- arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome. ex, pavlov's dogs, salivate with ringing bell.

operant conditioning: trial and error learning ex. dog messing with porcupine and button=treat for mouse

for higher intellect animals cognition: process of knowing that involves awareness, REASONING, recollection, and judgement problem solving: process of devising a method to proceed from one state to another ex. nut cracking crow, chimpanzee and food under stone

cognition

learning by observing others ex. vervet monkeys learning correct use of alarm calls with python culture: info transfered thru social learning