Explicit knowledge
easy to communicate and teach. Readily available. Learned through books.

Conscious and accessible information. General information.

Tacit knowledge
More difficult to communicate. Gained with experience.

Highly personal in nature. Sometimes holders don't even recognize they possess it. Typically job or situation-specific.

What is the basic theory behind reinforcement theory?
Goal set > Goal met > Results
4 types of reinforcers
1. Positive reinforcement 2.

Extinction 3. Punishment 4. Negative reinforcement

Wanted outcome
Consequence added: Positive reinforcement Consequence removed: Extinction
Unwanted outcome
Consequence added: Punishment Consequence removed: Negative reinforcement
5 types of reinforcement schedules
1. Continuous 2. Fixed interval 3. Variable Interval 4.

Fixed Ratio 5. Variable Ratio

Contniuous
Reward given: Every desired behavior. Potential level of performance: High, but hard to maintain Example: Praise
Fixed Interval
Reward given: Fixed time periods Potential level of performance: Average Example: Paycheck
Variable Interval
Reward given: Variable time periods Potential level of performance: Moderately high Example: Supervisor walk-by
Fixed Ratio
Reward given: Fixed number of desired behaviors Potential level of performance: High Example: Piece-rate pay
Variable Ratio
Reward given: Variable number of desired behaviors Potential level of performance: Very high Example: Commission pay
How do people learn from others in their environment?
Social learning theory: They learn from observing others.
What four things are necessary for proper learning to occur?
1. Attentional processes: Focuses attention on the critical behaviors exhibited by model. 2.

Retention processes: Remembers the behaviors of the model. 3. Production processes: Appropriate skill set and be able to reproduce the behavior. 4.

Reinforcement: View the model for reinforcement

What are the types of goal orientations?
1. Learning orientation--building competence is more important than demonstrating it. 2. Performance-prove orientation - demonstrates competance 3. Performance-avoid orientation - Demonstrate knowledge so others won't think poorly of them.
Programmed decisions
Routine; automatic.

Intuition "gut feeling"

Non-programmed decision
Never had to make decision before
What are the steps in the decision making process?
1. Identify the problem. 2. Develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.

3. Evaluate all the alternatives simultaneously. 4. Use accurate information to evaluate alternatives. 5. Pick the alternatives that maximizes value.

What are some assumptions related to the decision making process?
1. Selective perception 2. Projection bias 3. Stereotyping (social identity theory) 4.

Heuristics 5. Availability bias 6. Fundamental attribution error 7. Self-serving bias

Selective perception
The tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations.
Projection bias
Think that others think, feel, and act they same as they do.

Social identity theory
People identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group memberships.
Stereotype
Assumption made about others ont he basis of their membership in a social group.
Heuristics
Simple, effective, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily. Ex. politicians
Availability bias
The tendency for people to base their judgement on information that is easier to recall.
What are some problems with decision making?
1.

Bounded rationality 2. Satisificing 3. Escalation of commitment

Bounded rationality
The notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision.
Satisficing
Decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered.
Escalation of commitment
Failure to stop even when we should. Too committed.

Common reasons for making bad decisions
1. Limited information 2. Faulty perceptions 3. Escalation of commitment
What are the causes of faulty perception?
1. Projection bias 2 Stereotyping 3.

Availability and representativeness heuristics 4. Leniency/Severity/Central Tendency 5. Anchoring (halo effect) 6. Framing 7.

Contrast 8. Recency vs. First Impression

Projection bias
Assume others think and value the same as me.
Leniency
Assume people are better than they are--related--trust prosperity
Severity
Assume people are worse than they are
Central tendency
Average all --- Below average, average, Above average
Anchoring
(halo effect) Focus on one thing, characteristic, negative--horn effect
Framing
How something is presented/phrased-- ex. names of law
Contrast
Evaluate based on how they compare to someone else
Employees are less able to translate their learning into accurate decisions when they struggle with
1.

limited information 2. faulty perceptions 3. faulty attributions 4. escalation of commitment

Learning > Job Performance
Moderately positive
Learning > Organizational Commitment
Weak positive
What is attribution?
When people witness a behavior or outcome, they make a judgement about whether it was internally or externally caused.
What are the three keys that help us make an attribution?
1.

Consensus = Low Internal, High External 2. Distinctiveness = Low Internal, High External 3. Consistency = High Internal, Low External

Consensus
Did others act the same way under similar situations?
Distinctiveness
Does this person tend to act differently in other circumstances?
Consistency
Does this person always do this when performing this task?
Internal attributions
Individual factors such as ability, motivation, or attitudes are to blame.
External attributions
Environmental facts are to blame
Two common errors people make when making attributions
1. Fundamental attribution error - judge others' behaviors as due to internal factors 2. Self-serving bias - When we attribute our own failures to external factors