AP World History Unit 4

the cultural movement of the Renaissance, shift of focus to life on Earth and celebrating human achievements in the scholarly, artistic, and political realms

Showcased architecture and beauty by acting as patrons for some of the greatest artists

Florentine sculptor and painter and architect, This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446)

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist, as a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Italian sculptor, such as the bronze statue David.

invented by Gutenburg. made producing books cheaper and faster

native language

Published The Prince, how to book for monarchs who wanted to maintain their power. suggested that monarchy on basis of vague moral tenets: ruler should be ruthlessly selfish, scheming and manipulative.

counseled kings and popes, wrote In Praise of Folly: satirized what he though were foolish political moves

Utopia: ideal society, everyone shared the wealth and needs were met. expressed Christian moral guidelines

European writer, focused on character strengths and flaws, comedy, tragedy (Julius Caesar)

piece of paper that the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory (place Catholics believed they go to after death, middle between heaven and hell), there they amend their sins and go to heaven

German monk, nailed 95 theses on church door, message spread because of printing press. had a problem with indulgences, translate and hold services not in latin but a language that everyone can understand, suggested that the Bible teaches people that they can appeal directly to God for forgiveness for sins and salvation, reduced role of church (pope) as middleman between God and man

ordered Luther to recant, which he refused. lead to Pope excommunicating him.

Martin Luther's followers began to separate from Catholic church (N Germany and Scandinavia)

(Huguenots) Spread Protestant in France, God had predetermined ultimate destiny for everyone (France, S Germany, Scotland, and pockets of central England)

denied by pope to divorce his wife, converted all of England into Protestant Anglican

Anglican Church, Henry was the leader and he never had a sun. daughter Elizabeth ruled over all of England

prevailed theological based challenges and directed pope's religious role, only necessary thing for interaction with god is the Bible no pope needed, paved way for revolutions in education, politics, and science

(counter reformation) won back some Protestants, began to institute reforms (led by Spain), banned sale of indulgences, consulting more frequently with bishops and parishes, training its priests to live Catholic life instead of just preaching it, not bowing to Protestant demands but clarifying position (reclaimed Italy, Spain, Portugal)

former Spanish soldier, founded society that influenced in restoring faith in teachings of Jesus as interpreted by Catholic Church

practice self control and moderation, believed that praying and good works led to salvation. stricter training system and higher expectations of morality for the clergy

group of church officials presided over the counter reform

mathematical theory that asserted that the earth and rest of solar system revolved around the sun, and earth rotated on axis daily (heliocentric theory), published The Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies to prove his point

Published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World (wrote in Italian so people understand and defeat Ptolemy who said earth was center), forced to recant his words

list that banned heretical works, included Galileo's book

built an observatory and recorded his observations. provided evidence for Copernicus's theory

asserted scientist should prove all dta through experimentation and observation

developed laws of planetary motion based on observation and mathematics, elliptical orbits

The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, invented calculus, and law of gravity

together these men used observation, reason, experiement, mathematics to prove with instruments (telescope and microscope). made as big of an impact as Protestant Reformation in science and math

who believe that no god exists

who believe that God exists but plays a passive role in life, set up the world, gave it natural laws by which to operate, and then let it run by itself

role of mankind in relation to government,

church allied with strong monarchs: got power from centralizing authority, uniting people under common banner of nationalism, forming empires by promoting colonization and exploration, ruling with absolute authority. Monarchs convinced god ordained their right to govern people had moral and religious obligation to obey them (King Louis XIII : Sun King)

emperors believed that they were divinely chosen, only given authority to rule as long as they pleased heaven. if they did not rule justly or with responsibility then they would fall

governments were formed not to be divine decree but to meet the social and economic needs of the people being governed

wrote Leviathan, people were by nature greedy and prone to violent welfare, government should preserve peace and stability at all cost advocated powerful ruler (absolute monarchs)

Two Treatises on Government, mankind for most part was good, all men born equal to one another and natural and unalienable rights to life, liberty, and property. primary responsibility of government was to secure and guarantee natural rights. people justified to revolt if government broke rules

all men were equal and society should be organized to the general will, wrote Social Contract. people are good at will and corrupted by society

idea of religious toleration

argued for separation of power among the branches of the government: executive, legislative, and judicial

ideals of tolerance, justice, and improvements of people's lifestyles= guidelines (Joseph II of Austria or Frederick II of Prussia)

started off the profitable long distance over sea trade routes for Portugal

rounded the Cape of Good Hope and explored east African kingdoms and went all the way to India to establish trade relations

rounded the tip of Africa first one to do so

supported by Isabella and Ferdinand, convinced there was a shorter route to Asia from the west. landed in the West Indies and explorations of Americas underway

drew a longitudinal line (north to south) everything east of the line was Portugals (only got Brazil) and west was for Spain.

explored South America on several trips, continent was huge and not part of Asia

explored Floria for Spain

explored Central America for Spain

sailed around tip of South America to Pacific Ocean of Portugal, died in Philippines, but his crew became the first to circumnavigate the globe

explored North America for France

first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe

explored coast of North America for England

sailed for Dutch looking for northwest passage to Asia, explored Hudson River

invented by Chinese (Han) allowed for better navigation and control of ships of increasing size

allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless of the winds, advantage for ships who were depended on winds (Indian Ocean: monsoon)

portable navigation device to help them find their way, measuring distance of the sun and stars = latitude

allowed sailors to determine directions

large ships employed significantly larger sails and could hold provisions for longer journeys

landed on Mexican coast with 600 men, won support of neighboring states who loathed the Aztecs,

mistook Hernan for god, and gifted him gold. only fueled the spanish because motive for exploring was to acquire gold and spices

defeated the Incans with any army of 200 men

group of Spanish officials sent to govern the colonies

people born in the colonies to Spanish parents, looked down by monarchy because they were not born in Spain but were educated and wealthy

people with European and Native American ancestry

European and African ancestry

little or no freedom and worked on estates or in mines

appointed governors of each of the five regions of New Spain

like feudal system, provided peninsulares with land and specified number of laborers, in return peninsulares expected to protect natives and convert to Christianity, missionaries called for better treatment,

huge cities depopulated, Europeans moved by the thousands, africans migrate by millions, cities in Europe swelled as the feudal system evaporated and urban middle class lines up as merchants

new food, animals, and resources were transferred between Europe and the Americans. E to A: horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, and sugar cane. A to E: squash, beans, corn, potatoes, and cacao. along with disease, weapons, ideas, and people. american food crops increased population in the east

Sugar and Silver ( most wanted by Spanish and Portuguese)

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.

organization created to pool the resources of many merchants, distributing cots and risks of colonization and reducing dangers of individual investors (VOC)

a country actively sought to trade but tired not to import more than it exports, create a favorable balance of trade, caused resentment because colonists were forces to pay taxes on products from Europe

from Christian Kingdom and Muslim side. under one house =nation-state most powerful forces, long term impact on cultural world developments ensured survival of spanish language and culture, built naval fleet,

small country with limited manpower, middleman of a floating empire, early player in transatlantic slave trade, controlled sea routs, and garrisoned trading posts

huge empire that stretched from Austria and Germany to Spain. Grandparents were Hapsburg and Ferdinand and Isabella, emperor of Holy Roman,

family originated in Austria

environment of tolerations

Cathloic, chief advisor to Bourbons, strengthen the French crown, compromised with Protestants, helped them for personal benefits, (noblesse de la robe)

prepared France to hold strong positions it would achieve under Louis XIV

absolute monarch, Sun Kind & The Most Christian King, patronized the arts, revoked Edict of Nantes

strong mercantilist, increase size of French empire = increase opportunity for business transactions and taxes

disaster for grand plans of France, intermarriages led to one of Louis XIV grandson to inherit Spanish Throne, weaken spain and strengthen france,

ruled Spain but couldn't combine with France, most of territory went to England

eliminate all Protestant and convert to Catholic

the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588, to convert Queen back to Catholic, didn't work

nullified the pope's authority (Act of Supremacy), head of Church of England,

oversaw golden age in the arts

boasted commercial expansion and exploration and colonization in the New World, after Spanish Armada

joint stock companies

reign that brought together the crowns of England and Scotland, institute reforms to accomodate Catholics and Puritans (Calvinists) --> migrated to Jamestown

son of James, desperate for money from Parliament

documents limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment, ignored by Charles claimed divine right after he got the funds

limited the absolute powers of monarchy, denies request for money,

defeated armies of Charles I, executes, rose to power not as monarch but as Lord Protector: religious intolerance and violence against Catholics and Irish.

This was the period of time when the Parliament was the head of England, and Declared England a republic

reestablishment of monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of Charles I, after Cromwell's death. It temporarily ended England's troubles.

protected people from arrest without due process

James II driven from power by Parliament because they feared he'd convert everyone back to Catholic, replaced by William and Mary (son in law & daughter), ensured future rulers would be Anglicans and limited power

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

intended to bring an end to constant conflict between Catholic and Protestants

Protestant challenged Holy Roman, conflict grew bigger into religious and political war,

independence of small German states, Prussia strongest

refused to pay tribute to Mongols and declared them free,

absolute rule in Russia, uniting and expanding it, recruited peasants, and offered them freedom from feudal lords if they settle in land in east but they had to get the land first. executed anyone whom perceived as a threat

peasant soldiers expanded territories

russian for caesar, leader

one pretender to the throne would be killed by another pretender repeatedly

elected czar by feudal lords ruled from 1613-1917 (Romanov Dynasty), consolidated power ruthlessly

needed to westernize Russia, first navy, St Petersburg home of westernization of Russia

more enlightened policies of education and western cultures were implemented, enforced repressive serfdom and limited the growth of the merchant class.