World History Second Semester Final Exam

German monk and professor of theology; 95 theses; Lutheranism

Believing in Jesus Christ by praising and faith, but not works

fees for services such as marriage and baptism

found Calvinism, he wrote "Institutes of a Christian Religion", believed people were predestined for heaven or hell

Long ago, God determind who would gain salvation

government run by the church

King of England "Defender of Faith"; Parliament made him head of church; wrote to church to condemn Luther's teachings

movement to counter the spread of the Reformation; initiated by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent

Henry VIII & Anne's daughter; reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada

english poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers

king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England

a fleet of ships sent by Philip ll, to invade England and restore Roman Catholicism

telescope-look into space scientific method-process to collect data human body structure ointment-protect infection

sun centered

published "The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" ; first person to believe that the planets revolved around the sun

created the telescope; heliocentric theory along with Copernicus

English mathematician and physicist; developed law of gravitation and his three laws of motion

A king or queen with complete authority over the government and people in a kingdom

belief that a rulers authority comes directly from God

the Sun King, he was the greatest,longest absolute monarch in French history

nickname for Louis XIV that captures the magnificence of his court and of the Palace of Versailles, which he built

amazing monument to the power of the French Monarchy, built by Louis XIV over a long period of time, meant to impress and scare nobility, foreigners, and commoners alike, this palace was where Louis XIV moved his court in order to keep them under his control and away from the uncontrollable social scene in Paris

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

a king or queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

english general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War

a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power

english overthrow of James II

King James offends his subjects by displaying his Catholicism & his wife gives birth to a son, British citizens become nervous that a line of Catholic kings will rule England, so the citizens force King James II to abdicate his throne; His daughter Mary and her husband William are invited by parliament to rule England. They agree to recognize Parliament as their partner and the absolute monarchy is replaced with a constitutional monarchy. They also agree to rule with parliament and a bill of rights.

king and queen of England after Glorious Revoluton and with them, King James' Catholic reign ended

king William and queen Mary accepted this document that declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

thinkers of the Enlightenment; wanted to educate the socially elite; weren't allowed to openly criticize church or state..discussed in salons

informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, and phisophes exchanged ideas

French, greatest Enlightenment thinker; wrote Candide;believed enlightened despot best form of government.

wrote On the Spirit of Laws; french political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

wrote the Social Contract; he identified the human nature was originally happy but was corrupted by society; all people equal and abolish the nobility

an agreement by which they gave up their freedom for an organized society

believed people were born with a blank slate; life, liberty, and property

3rd President of the United States; author of Declaration of Independence from Virgina; Life, Liberty, & the Pursuit of Happiness

system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment

empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire

"1st servant of the state"; exerted extremely tight control over his subjects during his reign in Prussia

consisted of clergy ;they owned about 10% of the land; they were exempt from taxes; provided social services

2-4% nobility; crushed military power, but gained top jobs in the government, army, court, & church nobles felt they weren't gettting paid enough and had to maintain that status; hated absolutism & royal bureaucracy; exempted from taxes

the commoners of French society prior to the revolution; the class that was divided into the bourgeoisie, laborers, san-culottes, artisans, and peasants

an uprising of the people that led to the end of the French monarchy and the beheading of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Louis called the Estates General to mess up the estates even more

ideas & writings of Enlightenment thinkers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau became widespread; the French people were inspired to go against Louis

Louis XIV had spent too much; his successors did not cut down expenses;Louis XVI also failed to improve the financial situation, he dismissed ministers who tried to introduce financial reforms; by 1789, the government was bankrupt

The Third estate had to pay heavy taxes, work hard, and get no say in the government while the other estates had the Estates General and no taxes

Taxes lowered, social reform; nationalism spread

educated, middle class of France; provided force behind the Revolution

king and queen of France were spending much of frances money on themselves not on helping the citizens >citizens uprising> death of king and queen by guilotene

This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law

July 14, 1789, destruction of the prison because of Paris citizens defening the National Assembly & wanted the gun powder; seen as the true start of the French Revolution

the period when Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed

French wars against England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria led by Napoleon

civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property

meeting of representatives of European monarchs, called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

strong ecomonic advance; slavery; & scientific/technological developments

movement of people from rural areas to cities

This was the style of capitalism in which the government had no interference with the economy

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

-work according to ability -receive according to need -classless society -no need for government

a political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country

one does factory work while the other does manual work such as mining, farming

a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

glorification of war and military

artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination

politics based on practical, rather than moral or ideological considerations

policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically

Industrialism, nationalist feelings, desire to spread religion, social darwinism

Justification for racism & belief that Europe was superior

chancellor of Prussia & Germany; conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria and France; was responsible for the unification of the German Empire; blood & iron.

meeting to divide Africa by European powers; no African representatives

talks about problems and rewards of imperialism; racist & elite

title of British control in India; reign of Queen Victoria... created in order to trade

leader who came to Japan and forced them to open up to Western trade and influence

policy proposed by the US which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade with/in China

Competition, militarism, nationalism, and Pan slavism

(powder keg) - Balkan Peninsula attacked Turkey and that lead to further issues

an agreement to support another country in case of war; two huge alliances emerged from this

Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

Britain Russia France

Tanks, poisen gas, machine guns, U-boats, and airplanes

a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat; 128 Americans died; sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war

Zimmerman Note, Lusitania, money issues, advancing their politics, submarine warfare by Germany

defeat of Axis powers faster by ecomically and military

treaty imposed on Germany by Allied Powers after World War I demanding that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland

an international association formed after World War I with the goal of keeping peace among nations

a provision in the treaty of Versailles by which Germany acknowledged that it alone was responsible for WWI

payments demanded by the victors from the losers & Germany had to admit responsibility for WWI and pay for costs of the war.

WWI loss of ecomincs & military, Tsar's mistakes, and riots

led by Lenin, it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR

russian leader who took Lenin's spot as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition

Dictators, Imperialism, consequences of WWI, appeasement, nationalism, Treaty of Versailles, facism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator, not restricted by law or constitution

german Nazi dictator during World War II, Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust

a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism, Adolf Hitler used this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany

book writen by Hitler where he outlines his beliefs: Germans are a superior race, The Treaty of Versailles treated Germany unfairly and that a crowed Germany needed the lands of Eastern Europe and Russia

giving in to the demands of an aggressor to keep the peace; Hitler, Stalin

a region in northeastern China invaded by Japan

nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

plan made by Hitler to ensure German supremacy; It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, mentally and physically disabled

emperor who forced the Japanese government to surrender, which ended World War II

conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union, the nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years

term to describe the division between Communist and non-Communist life in Europe made by Churchill

organization made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

many nations agreed to signed this to help prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to other nations

means that people and nations worldwide depend on one another for many goods and services

producing inexpensive products by building factories and hiring workers in other countries; ex: U.S. grounds in China

international organization made of Western European countries to promote free trade among members

fought for indian independence with non-violence to expose Great Britain

hunger strikes and peaceful protests

prevent the spread of communism into neighboring countries the US helped the South Vietnam fight the Soviet and Chinese aided North Vietnamese form; Pearl Harbor; Fort Sumter capture; battles on Concord and Lexington

South Vietnam and U.S. lost soldiers and money

communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam

Communist leader of China, started Cultural Revolution

a five-year economic plan that collectivized farms in China and put them into communes

campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation

Death of Hu Yaobang -many deaths, corruption of Chinese government

conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea, United Nations/United States helped South Korea

the former policy of racial segregation and oppression in the Republic of South Africa

President of South Africa, spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the stuggle against apartheid, received the Nobel Peace Prize

elected as the last white South African president, he legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison, this started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid

disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba

the interpretation of every word in the sacred texts as literal truth

conflict that began in 1948 over the land once know as Palastine, now known as Isreal

"The Uprising" against Israel by some Palestinians Arabs

Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers

the war began when Iraq invaded Iran in 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of influence on Iran's Islamic revolution

fundamentalist Muslim group, gained power, restored order, but imposed an extreme form of Islam on Afghanistan, supported al-Qaeda

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world

terrorist attacks in NYC, Washington DC, and Pennsylvania made by the "al Qaeda"