world history Chapter 23 – all sections

social and political system of France in the 1770s

The three social classes into which France was divided before the French Revolution, including the clergy, the aristocracy, and the common people

was 98% percent of Frances population. The third estate contained three parts to it. (1) a city-dwelling middle class called the bourgeoisie, (2) urban lower class, (3) peasants. The bourgeoisie was the fastest and richest growing part of the third estate. They staged the French Revolution.

The clergy made up the first estate. They included archbishops, bishops, abbots, parish priests, monks, and nuns. There were 400,000 of them which made up 2% of the population

made up of rich nobles. Only made up 2% od population, but owned 20% of land and paid almost no taxes. most hated enlightenment ideas b/c they threatened their status.

1) Enlightenment Ideas 2) Economic Troubles 3) A Weak Leader

king of France from 1774 to 1792 his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793)

queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789

pledge made by members of France's National Assembly in which they vowed to continue meeting until a new constitution was drawn up

July 14, 1789 event; 1st sybolic act of violence against the monarchy the beginning of the French Revolution

a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789.

It was unfair for them to be heavily taxed.

A document which was similar to the American Declaration of Independence; it preserved French citizens' natural rights.

Many of National Assembly's reforms focused on the church. They took over Church lands and declared that church officials and priests should be paid as state officials. The Catholic Church lost both it's lands and its political independence. They used the proceeds from the sale of land to pay off France's debt. This alarmed many devout French Catholics. Even though the thought that the church and state should be together was and Enlightenment idea, many Catholics were offended.

Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI try to escape from Paris

A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war

Food shortages and government debt still caused problems. The Legislative Assembly split into three groups.

slogan of the french revolution that inspired nationalist feelings and the goal of the revolution

Nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France and its revolutionary forces

in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

(in the French Revolution) a member of a radical society or club of revolutionaries that promoted the Reign of Terror and other extreme measures, active chiefly from 1789 to 1794: so called from the Dominican convent in Paris, where they originally met.

French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793), Published a radical journal called Friend of the People.

a device used during the French Revolution for beheading people

the newly appointed minister of justice who led the sans-culottes in revenge on those who had aided the king and resisted the popular will.

Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and lead the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed

Finally Robespierre goes too far and is arrested and sentenced to death., he is the last victim of the terror.

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Napoleon ended the Directory in a coup d'etat and substituted a strong dictatorship for a weak one. Coup d'etat means "Blow to the state"

a direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal.

government run public schools

Agreement between Pope and Napoleon: Napoleon recognized Catholocism as the religion of the majority of France, Pope does not ask for any land back seized during the Revolution

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Napoleon was crowned the Emperor of France in an elaborate ceremony in the Notre Dame Catherdral in Paris

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

The first love and wife of Napoleon, she exerted great influence and style in France. Napoleon divorced her when she could not produce his children.

niece of Marie Antoinette; part of Hapsburg family (Austria); mother of Napoleon I; 2nd wife of Napoleon

the shutting of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

spanish peasant fighter, supported by British to rebel against French king put in Spain by Napoleon

a conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.

Napoleon tried to invade but Russians dont fight and retreat, leaving the Grand Army with no food -only 40,000 survived

Destroying crops and livestock so that one's enemy has nothing to use for food as they invade. Used by the Russians when Napoleon invaded in 1812.

two armes, French and Russian, clash at the battle of Borodino.

the month Napoleon faces European allies outside of Leipzig

april 1814

Napoleon escaped from Elba and was received joyously.

the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. Napoleon's final defeat against the British and Prussians

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594)

the Austrian foreign minister who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna; claimed that he was guided by the principal of legitimacy

the distribution of power among nations so that no single nation can dominate or interfere with another

Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored

Coalition of Russia, Austria and Prussia created in 1815 at the request of Alexander I of Russia, signed in Vienna on September 26, 1815. Was to instill the Christian values of charity and peace in European political life. Monarchs used this to prevent revolutionary influence (French Revolution) from entering these nations. It was against democracy, revolution, and secularism.

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

the highest calls, officials went from spain to rule the colonies.

1) The Containment of France 2) Balance of Power 3) Legitimacy

1) Diminised the power of France 2) Increased the power of Britain and Portugal 3) Nationalism began to spread