What all did Charles V rule from 1520-1566?
Spain, Spain's American colonies, parts of Italy, Austria, and the Netherlands
In 1555 what did Charles V agree to sign even though he wasn't for it?
Peace of Augsburg
What did Charles V do in 1556?
Retired to the monastery
What did his brother Ferdinand get?
Austria and HRE
What did his son Philip II?
Spain, Netherlands, Spanish American colonies
What happened when the king of Portugal died in 1580?
Philip II claims the throne
What fractional part of the gold and silver did the King of Spain claim as his royal share?
20%-25%
What did Philip believe he had to defend against Muslims and Protestants?
Catholicism
What happened in 1588?
Spanish armada attacks England
Who was tube queen of England at the time?
Elizabeth I
What was Escorial and describe it?
Massive walls huge palace for Philip II
What was el Greco and what was his work like?
Spanish painter, everyone had long arms and legs, adult faces on children
What was Velazquez known for painting?
Portraits of royal families with lots of color
The publication of what novel is called the birth of the modern European novel?
Don Quixote de la Mancha
Who wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha?
Miguel de Cervantes
What did he chase and what did he think they were?
Windmills, he thought they were giants
What was one problem caused by Spain acquiring so much gold? I
inflation
Who did Spain's tax burden fall on?
The lower class
Why did Spain never develop a middle class?
The tax burden prevented accumulating enough wealth to start their own business
Why did Spain buy many goods like cloth from other countries?
It was cheaper
What caused the Netherlands to divide?
Religion
Which was catholic which was protestant?
Spanish Netherlands and united Netherlands
In what two ways was the united provinces of the Netherlands different from other European states of the time?
Very liberal also had a republic where they were elected officials
What is a republic?
You elect government officials
Where was the new center for art?
Netherlands
Who was the greatest Dutch artist of the period?
Rembrandt Van Rijn
Who replaced the Italians as "bankers of Europe"?
Dutch
What was an absolute monarch?
He had no higher authority.
What was the divine right?
Idea that god created certain people to rule
Where did European monarchs get the money to pay for their ambitions?
Wealth of colonies
Why did the middle class support the monarchs?
Opportunity for business, monarchs kept good rule
How did the church affect the power of the monarchs?
Made monarchs more powerful
Describe an absolute ruler-
regulated everything
Who was the most famous absolute ruler?
Louis XIV
What French king died in 1559?
Henry II
Although he left 4 sons who was the real power behind the throne?
Catherine de Medici
Who was fighting France in the late 1500's?
Catholics and Protestants
What was the St Bartholomew day massacre?
Nation wide slaughter of Huguenots
Who did Catharine's daughter marry?
Henry of Navarre
Who was he descended from?
Louis IX
When Catherine died and her last son died who became king?
Henry IV
What dynasty was he the first of?
Bourbons
What religion was Henry IV?
Protestant he converted to Catholicism
How did he explain his conversion?
Paris is well worth the mass
What was the edict of Nantes?
Religious tolerance
How and why did Henry IV die?
He was stabbed
When Henry IV died who took the throne?
Louis XIII
Since loyal was weak what did he do to help him rule?
Appointed a really strong minister and appointed cardinals
What 2 things did Richelieu do to increase the power of the bourbon dynasty?
Forbid the protestant cities to have walls, weakened the nobles and unfortify castles
Who did Richelieu believe was the greatest obstacle to France being the strongest state In Europe?
Hapsburgs rule
Where did the Hapsburg rule?
Spain Austria Netherlands parts of HRE
How was the power of the Hapsburgs limited?
A war was started
What is skepticism?
Don't fully believe in things, question everything
What cause skepticism in France?
So many war horrors
Describe the ideas of skeptics and finding the truth-
had a doubt towards churches saying they were the only ones that were right
Who developed the idea of the essay?
Montaigne
What is an essay?
A written expression of ideas
What did Montaigne say humans would never have absolute knowledge of?
The truth
What philosopher's ideas led to the scientific method?
Descartes
Who was the most powerful ruler in French history?
Louis XIV
What was his slogan?
I am the state
How old was he when he came to power?
4
What year did he come to power?
1643
Who was the true ruler of France?
Mazarin
What was Mazarin's greatest triumph?
He ended the 30 years war
How did the people feel about Mazarin?
They hated him
What year and how old was Louis XIV when Mazarin died and he took the throne?
22, 1661
How did Louis weaken the power of the nobles?
Took them off council, collected taxes
What were intendants?
People who collected taxes and administers justice
Who was Louis XIV's administer of finance?
Colbert
What did Colbert believe in?
Mercantilism
Why did Colbert believe the colonies were important?
It's where they got their raw goods from
What did Louis do when Colbert died?
Cancel the Edict of Nantes
Where did Louis build his palace?
Versailles
By having nobles at the palace how did this increase royal authority?
He could watch all of them and control what they did
Louis XIV's nickname is The Sun King. Where did this come from?
He wanted everything to revolve around him
Art in the middle Ages was to glorify what? _______________________ Art in the Renaissance had been to glorify what? _________________________________ Art in King Louis's time was to glorify what? ________________________________________
god, human potential, and the king
In the second half of the 1600's what country was the most powerful in Europe?
France
Where did Louis invade?
Spanish Netherlands
What was the League of Augsburg and who belonged to it?
William of orange and Spanish kings, kept anyone country from taking over
What 3 things were weakening France?
Poor harvest, constant war, new taxes
What was the war of the Spanish succession?
King of Spain dies with no heir to the throne, promised to Philip of Spain fought about who would rule
What treaty ended it?
Utrecht
What were its terms?
Grandson could remain king of Spain but France and Spain cannot unite
Who was the big winner and why?
Great Britain, they got gebraulter, novasocia, new Finland, Hudson Bay
What was the positive side of Louis XIV reign?
Top country in Europe, good military leader
What was the negative side of Louis XIV reign?
War, debt, taxed the poor
What did the Peace of Augsburg state?
That the prince would determine religion
Who was the future HRE and what family did he belong to?
Hapsburgs
When was the 30 years war?
1618-1648
What was the main cause of the war?
Religion and territory
What was the first part called and who was winning?
Czech Uprising, Hapsburg
What protestant shifted the tide of the war in 1630?
Sweden
What 2 Frenchmen dominated the remaining years of the war?
Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin
Who did the French support and why?
German and Swedish Protestants
Why did it take until the 1800's for Germany to become united again?
The economy was ruined
What treaty ended the War?
The peace of Westphalia
What were the 5 major consequences of the treaty?
Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria, strengthen France by awarding German territory, made German princes independent of HRE, ended religious wars in Europe, new method of peace of negotiation
Not including the 5 results above, what was the most important result of the Thirty Year's War?
Modern state system
What were the 3 major states of Central Europe?
Poland HRE Ottoman Empire
What made these states in Central Europe weak?
The economy developed differently
What kept Poland from becoming a strong unified state?
They didn't have a strong ruler
What were the 2 weakened empires in Central Europe?
Ottoman Empire and HRE
Where were the Hapsburgs from?
Austria
In 1711 who became the Hapsburg leader?
Charles VI
Why was it a hard empire to rule?
There were so many diverse people
Who took over when Charles VI died?
Maria Theresa
What country challenged the Hapsburgs of Austria?
Prussia
Who was the ruling family of Prussia?
Hohenzollerns
In 1640 who became the Hohenzollern leader?
Fredrick William
What title did he take?
Elector of Brandenburg
What did he believe was the only way to ensure safety?
A strong army
What type of government did they have?
Absolute monarchy
Who were the Junkers and how did the King get their support?
Landowning nobility they resisted the kings power
Who took over when Frederick William died?
Fredrick II
What was his title?
Fredrick the great
What land did Austria and Prussia fight over?
Silesia
Who was the head of Austria at this time?
Maria Theresa
Who won?
Prussia
What country now became a major European power?
Prussia
What were the 2 sides in the Seven Years War?
Austria France Russia vs. Britain Prussia
After the war what territory changed hands in Europe?
Nothing
For the first time, what European country played a part in European affairs?
Russia
Who was the winner of the 7 Years War and what did they win?
Britain wins French territory in new world and India
