World History 2nd Semester Final Study Guide

The name for voyages that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Trading network lasting from the 1800s that carried goods and enslaved people between Europe, the Americas, and Africa

Portuguese navigator; his ships were the first to circumnavigate the globe, though he died on the journey

An economic system used from about the 1500s to the 1700s that said that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth

Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist; he discovered the law of motion of falling objects and invented the first working telescope; his discoveries put him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church

English mathematician and a natural philosopher; he discovered the law of gravity as well as laws on the physics of objects

Polish astronomer; he proposed the heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory of the universe

A transformation in European thought in the late 1500s and 1600s that called for scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional opinions

King of France from 1774 to 1792; his unpopular policies helped trigger the French Revolution. Deposed by the National Convention, he was executed by the guillotine

A fortress in Paris, used as a prison, built in the 14th century and destroyed July 14, 1789

Empress of Russia, during whose reign Russia extended her boundaries at the expense of Turkey, Sweden, and Poland. She was a patron of literature and the arts

Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant supremacy in England

A document that laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution - liberty, equality, and fraternity

A period during the French Revolution in which the Robespierre; led the government to execute thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens

English philosopher and founder of British empiricism; he developed political and economical theories during the Enlightenment. He wrote Two Treatises on Government in which he declared that people have a right to rebel against governments that don't protect their rights

Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and led the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time

General, emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d'état in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe; placing his relatives in positions of power. Defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled on the island of Elba

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies

Sense of pride and devotion to one's nation

A meeting at which representatives from European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa

A strong military spirit of policy

Invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism

A formal agreement between two or more nations entered into to advance common interests or causes

Russian revolutionary and founder of Bolshevism; he rose to power in Russia following the Russian Revolution in 1917

Deadliest pandemic in modern history, infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide, about 1/3 of the planets population

A political and economic system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns the means of production

Economic and political system in which governments own the means of production and control economic planning

A Jewish nationalist movement, began in the 1890s, to reestablish a Jewish state in its original homeland

A totalitarian system of government that focuses on the good of the state rather than on the good of the individual citizens

Giving in to aggressive demands in order to avoid war

Autobiography by Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany

Surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States Naval base in Hawaii

The murder of six million Jews and five million others by the Nazi's during World War II

June 6, 1944; the first day of the Allied invasion of Normandy in World War II

Totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union, he led the Soviet Union through World War II and created a powerful soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe after the war

The South African government's official policy of legalized racial segregation throughout the society

The belief during the Cold War that the fall of one non-communist country to communism would cause neighboring countries also to fall to communism

Leader of India's struggle for independence from Great Britain; he organized the population for protest through the methods of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience

In India, was an act of civil disobedience led by Gandhi to protest British rule in India