World History 2 Final Exam Study Guide

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.

Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."

He believed in a heliocentric, or sun-centered, conception of the universe. He argued that the Sun was at the center of the universe. The planets revolved around the sun.

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

3D, responded to light/shading, religious and everyday situations, active and looked real

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press

series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther

This was caused by the strictness and the incompetence of the Catholic Church.

a German monk who took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them; his actions began the Reformation

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the chuch door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation

French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.

Know the story of King Henry VIII and him wanting his marriage annulled because he believed his wife couldn't have a male son (he wanted a male heir), but the pope wouldn't let him get his marriage annulled so Henry took matters into his own hands

The Roman Catholic Church responding to the protestantism by starting their own movement-- they stopped selling indulgences and started "Society of Jesus" or Jesuit missionaries to spread Catholic ideas.

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

God=spread religion, converting non-Christians, morally justified the other motives, Glory=explorers wanted fame (Renaissance state of mind), got influence for want of fame from Marco Polo (role model), Gold=wanted money

An instrument invented by Muslims that is used to determine direction by figuring out the position of the stars.

The compass was invented in China, during the Han Dynasty

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic

got a head start on exploration because of its location in Europe, Vasco de Gama reached India, fought Muslims for spice trade in India

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

Spain was the first to seize the opportunities (for labor, land and goods) created by the New World.

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Disease spread by Europeans in the Americas. Led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans in North and South America

The downfall of the Aztec people caused by Hernan Cortes, disease (small pox), and the death of their leader Montezuma, Francisco Pizarro; Pizarro and only 200 men defeat army of 30,000 using modern weapons and horses; use trickery to capture tribe leader, Atahualpa

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages., - Epidemic diseases (greatly impacted Natives

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

A major dynasty that ruled China , The first Chinese dynasty after the foreign rule of the Mongols. tried to write over everything the Mongols did, and became a big supporter of the arts.

a - stopped spreading influence of europeans and preserve chinese tradition d- led to decline and limited foreign trade

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

cheap labor, africans were immune to a lot of diseases, native americans were dying in America

Numerous cultures lost generations of fittest members- the young and able. Families were torn apart, introduced guns into Africa, African labor helped colonies survive, brought expertise in agriculture, brought culture in art, music, religion, and food

A three way system of trade, Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Palace built by Louis XIV. Used to control the nobles and became the center of Louis kingdom.

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

A war between the English Parliament and Charles I, which established Parliament's supremacy over the monarchy.

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.

An English natural philosopher who studied at Cambridge and eventually developed the laws of movement found among the bodies of Earth. Spent his life dedicated to the study of mathematics (created calculus) and optics.

English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

Heliocentric is what Galileo Galilee proved that the sun is in the center of the universe. Geocentric is what the church believes that the earth is in the center of the universe.

During the Enlightenment Era, philosophers such as John Locke supported the concept of a social contract. Locke viewed the social contract as a voluntary agreement between the government and the governed. In "Two Treaties on Civil Government" (1689), Locke argued that people are born with natural rights to life, liberty and property (natural law). Locke also believed that governments are created to support those rights, but that if the government fails to do so, the people may choose to change their government. Thomas Jefferson adopted these ideas in the Declaration of Independence. Another Enlightenment thinker, Montesquieu, wrote about the need for branches of government.

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)

1% consisted of the Roman Catholic Church, Higher and lower Clergy! Did not pay taxes.

Nobility (wealthy) less than 2% of population, but owns 25% of land. Paid no taxes, held highest offices in govt

98% of population, 70% of land, urban workers= street sellers, beggars

each group got one vote

- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Destruction of the prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution.

This was made up of 12 men, but Robespierre was mainly in charge. The name is ironic because they actually beheaded a ton of people in France, to insure that there were no threats to the revolution.

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

One of the prominent radical leaders during the revolution. He edited a radical newspaper. He called to rid France of the enemies of the Revolution

is one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his arrest and execution

during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

..., Overthrew French Directory in and became emperor of the French in . Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated . Returned to power briefly in but was defeated and died in exile.

made people take extreme measures so that it wont happen again

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

technological innovations led to industrialization; began in england thanks to workers, resources, canal network, wealthy people, and government that encouraged it; textile was first to industrialize;

Land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

However, with the industrial revolution came the ability to make such items on mass, and with that, the invention of the factory came about. Many were able to make fortunes by owning and managing factories and thus, new money was being generated.

many moved from the rural area to towns and got jobs in towns

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

a.Population increase, growth of middle class, standard of living increases for man

, Believed history is the story of evolving class warfare and the only way to overthrow capitalism is for the proletariat to defeat the bourgeoisie

Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.

desire for resources and markets political competetion among western nations western belief in cultural superiority

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Government charted joint-stock company that controlled spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch, A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.

Hindus and Muslim sepoys refused to open cartridges that came in paper waxed with animal fat for religious reasons; killed British officers, and proclaimed restoration of the Mughal authority; had different interests, and were crushed by the British

rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Caused the Japanese emperor to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa and open Japanese ports to trade

The political program in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

A meeting from at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

The alliance of Great Britain and France and Russia and all the other nations that became allied with them in opposing the Central Powers.

In WWI, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other.

militarism alliances imperialism nationalism

made the war last longer than it needed to killed alot of people

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

the longest battle of World War I; it ended in stalemate, with both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties

President of the United States During/After WWI

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin.

the slow pace of reforms by russian czars desire for better living conditions and freedoms the growth of revolutionary groups

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia

civil war in russia after bolsheviks accepted treaty. white army included some army leaders, political opponents of bolsheviks and wealthy russians. the red army was bolsheviks

conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army.

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death.

Bolsheviks led by LEon Trotsky and Lenin claimed power in name of the soviets and proclaimed a full-scale revolution with support of workers and troops

the political and economic philosophy of the Bolsheviks, expounded by Vladimir Lenin, which looked to an uprising of the proletariat that would abolish private property and enforce social equality

russia reunited with several neighboring lands and the new country was called the soviet union

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

arrangement in which a purchaser borrows money from a bank or other lender and pays it back over time

date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

..., Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal.

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

A severe, world wide economic crisis which lasted from the end of 1929 to the outbreak of World War II.

treaty between Germany and Japan promising a common front against communism

the murder of as many as 300,000 Chinese men, women, and children by Japanese troops

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union

Stalin's plan to build up Russia's military and industry

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

A mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races

Laws that stripped German Jews of citizenship and all civil rights

due to stalin's paranoia & want for control; targets arrested & put on trail for (phony) crimes against state

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. disagreed with chamberlain

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II

agreement between germany and russia not to fight each other

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

..., the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it, wanted to tire british out

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by Japan on December 7, 1941. The Japanese were hoping to cripple the American fleet, which had been enforcing Embargo, which denied Japan the raw materials it needed to increase their power and this attack failed leading to Japan's defeat.

Hitler's mass extermination of the Jews and other undesirables.

Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops ) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.