Alkene to alkyl halide
alkene + HX (hydrogen halide)
Halohydrin
X^2 + H2O , antiaddition, halonium intermediate (bromonium ion, and
Alcohol oxymercuration
Hg(OAc)2 +H2O+ NaBH4 (markonikov)
Hydroboration
BH3 + H2O2 H---C----C---OH
Hydrogenation (alkene to Alkane)
syn-addition (reduction) , adding H2 platinum palladiumsyn stereochemistry- both hydrogens add to the double bond
Alkene --> Epoxy
alkene + peroxy
Alkene --> Carbonyl
O3 +ZnCleavage to carbonyl compounds
Generating Carbene
chloroform + KOH or NaOH, OH takes away hydrogen from Chloroform, and Cl leaves CCl3, attaches to Na or K, leaving CCl2 (a carbene), which goes on to attach to an alkene, forming a cyclopropane
Cyclopropane
alkene +carbene
Alkene --> 1,2 Diols
epoxide + H30+
syn addition
(for hydrogenation)- both hydrogens add to the double bond from the same face
Hydrogenation is heterogenous, why?
hydrogenation occurs onthe surface of a solid catalyst (platinum or paladium)
dehydrohalogenation
loss of an HX from an alkyl halide (elimination reaction) usually occurs by reaction of alkyl halide with strong base such as KOH
dehydration
loss of water from an alcohol (elimination), often carried out in the lab by treatment of an alcohol with a strong acid
anti-stereochemistry
the two bromine atoms in a halogenation of alkenes reaction come from opposite faces (trans 1,2-Dibromo-cyclopentadiene) the cis is not formed
Halogenation of alkenes intermediate
bromonium ion
