PPR EC-12 Review

In the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality.

Holding schools responsible for what students learn.

The adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture.

The amount a student has learned in a given area..

A framework for understanding the material to be taught, which is introduced prior to the lesson.

Attitudinal and emotional areas of learning, such as values and feelings.

Learning physical and perceptional ability (Health and Exercise).

A test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.

Classroom management approach (Canter) based on establishing clear limits and expectations, insisting on acceptable student behavior and delivering appropriate consequences when rules are broken.

Process of changing one's own culture to the dominant cultural norms.

A term used to refer to children who are not currently identified as handicapped or disabled but who are considered to have greater than usual chance of development.

Problem when behavior deviates so much from appropriate behaviors for the child's age group that it significantly interferes with child growth and development.

A form for writing an instructional objective that emphasizes precision and careful delineation of expected student behaviors the testing situation and a performance criterion.

Starting with skills and moving to whole knowledge, starting with parts and working toward the whole. An example is learning sounds, then words, then sentences, etc.

A landmark decision of the United States Supreme court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional.

Second language instruction in which students are instructed in academic subject areas in their native language while simultaneously being taught to speak and write in the second language.

An uncritical, non-evaluative process of generating associated ideas.

Discovery learning and constructivism.

Federal funds aimed at offering educational support for minority, low-income, and underachieving students.

Conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex (first identified by Pavlov).

Techniques used to maintain a healthy learning environment, relatively free of behavior problems.

Formal statement of appropriate professional behaviors.

In Bloom's Taxonomy, memory and reasoning objectives. The area of learning that involves the acquisition and utilization of knowledge.

The alternative processes by which learners acquire knowledge.

Programs designed to prevent or remediate learning problems among students from lower socioeconomic status communities.

The general process by which the state provides a credential to an individual.

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

a thinker who focuses on the problem as stated and tries to synthesize information and knowledge to achieve a solution

Approach to instruction in which students work with a small group of peers to achieve a common goal and help one another learn.

a common course of study for all students often called for by essentialist reforms in the 1980's

A test that describes the specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge of an individual relative to a well-defined mastery criterion. The content of criterion-referenced tests is limited to certain well-defined objectives.

One's ability to analyze situations critically.

a condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences

All the courses of study offered by an educational institution

A process whereby a ghiger central source of responsibility and authority assign certain responsibility and authority to a subordinate position. Example: site-based management.

segregation "by fact," i.e., segregation that results from such factors as housing patterns rather than law.

reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)

Segregation that is imposed by law.

Formative test to determing students areas of weakness.

A consructivist approach. Students begin learning with an activiy designed to lead them to particular concepts or conclusions. Students acquire basic and advanced knowledge in random order. (Bruner's approach)

in Piaget's theory, the "out of balance" state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her current ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation

An open ended type of thinking that extends in different directions and considers multiple answers to a question.

A judicial requirement that enacted laws may not contain provisions that result in the unfair, arbitrary, or unreasonable treatment of an individual.

Piaget's term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation.

A neo-Freudian psychologist that hypothesized that people face pass through 8 social development stages from infancy to old age. Each challenge has an outcome that affects a persons social and personality development.

The principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions.

A group of people who share a common culture and ancestry.

A conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus.

Motivation reflecting a desire for external rewards, such as wealth or the respect of others.

Students who are not as dependent on the teacher, other students and the learning environment.

Students who learn best with teacher and peer interaction and who rely heavily on the learning environment.

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

Schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained.

Evaluation conducted before or during instruction to facilitate instructional planning and enhance student's learning.

Transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus (psychology).

A different conceptualization of human needs and behavior based on control theory.

Measure of grade level based on comparison with norming samples from each grade.

A federally funded preschool program for children from low-income families that also provides healthcare, nutrition services, and social services( part of the economic opportunity act of 1964 during the Johnson administration).

Sets of strategies, rather than strict rules, that act as guidelines for discovery-oriented problem solving.

Values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the structure of the educational system and the teaching methods used.

An educational practice in which students of similar abilities are placed within the same instructional groups.

Series of education reforms in TX headed by Ross Perot that gave higher teacher salaries, more teacher requirements, and the no pass no play rule.

Clear nonaccusatory statement of how something is affecting you practically and emotionally.

An individualized education plan and related services developed for each student with a disability.

Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles.

Process of bringing people of different races in schools together.

Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

Theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development (Theory of Moral Development).

Supreme Court rule that schools that do not provide special help for children with limited English are limiting their civil rights.This is landmark legislation for bilingual education in the U.S.(1974)

A specific area in the classroom where students can work at their own ability levels and where materials and activities may be used to develop knowledge in a given subject area (s).

A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involving understanding or in using language, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to speak, think, listen, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.

A legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn.

The practice of educating students with special needs in regular classes during specific time periods based on their skills.

Theory: "Hierarchy of Needs" Maslow is known for establishing a theory of a hierarchy of needs in which certain lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be met.

An approach in which the form of instruction and the time available for learning are based on the individual needs of the student. instructional objectives are defined and taught directly. Immediate feedback is provided to the student.

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.

The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores.

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score below 70 and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life.

Knowledge and thoughts about one's own cognitive processes, as well as control of those cognitive processes.

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution; it is the simplest measure of central tendency to determine.

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Instruction that integrates throughout the curriculum the perspectives and experiences of numerous cultural groups.

1983 National Commission report calling for extensive educational reforms, including more academic course requirements, more stringent college entrance requirements, upgraded and updated textbooks, and longer school days and year.

A test designed to indicate how an individual performs in comparison to others (such as others of the same grade level or age).

A graph of frequency distribution shaped like a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a graph of normal distribution.

The law that advocated some sort of elementary education should be provided free, at public expense and under public control, for everyone who could not afford or did not want private schooling.

Learning that is strengthened when behavior is followed by positive reinforcement.

Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980).

A set of instructional materials that students can use to teach themselves about a particular topic. It features self-pacing, immediate feedback, and division of materials into small units (frames).

A form of educational philosophy that sees nature as ever-changing because the world is always changing and a new situation requires solutions to problems; learners must develop as problem solvers.

The Educational of All Handicapped Children's Act: guanteed a free, appropriate public education to each child with a disability in every state and locality across the country (1975).

Outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior.

A stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it.

The ability of a test to yield nearly the same score when the same people are tested and then retested on the same test or an alternative form of the test.

An educational program designed to teach a person to overcome a disability through training and education.

In cognitive learning, large, basic units for organizing information. Schemata serve as guides describing what to expect in a given situation, how elements should fit together, the usual relationships among elements, etc. A schema is like a model or stereotype.

The governing body of a school district responsible for the development or approval of educational policies, approval of the budget, hiring of the superintendent, and other personnel matters.

A phenomenon whereby observers bring about what they expect to perceive.

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

An American psychologist known for his research in the area of learning and conditioning. Also know for the "Skinner box".

Legislation for government funding to go to public schools to provide vocational support and education in 1917.

A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors.

The method of teaching used by the Greek philosopher Socrates. It employs a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason.

Bruner's process of building on a student's previous kowledge to introduce new and broader concepts that are related.

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score (the square root of the variance).

A test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. Many standardized tests allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals.

Whole-number scores from 1 to 9, each representing a wide range of raaw scores. Stanine scores combine some of the properties of percentile ranks with some of the properties of standard scores.

Instruction which considers the ability and needs of the student in the planning process.

Evaluation conducted after instruction to assess students' final achievement.

Time spent actively engaged in learning the task at hand.

A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time (usually one minute for each year old the child is).

The process of monitoring a student's achievement over a period of time, usually years. This information is often used for placement and instructional purposes.

Occurs when a student connects the new knowledge being presented to familiar concepts.

Places special emphasis on moral and ethical issue. More popularly known as character education