TExES PPR Concepts and Terms

A type of grouping where students are placed together according to their skill level, in high, middle or low groups. The TExES exam does not like this practice as research indicates that it is not very effective and has some negative consequences.

Characterized only in thought; non-concrete. Considered apart from concrete existence.Not applied or practical; theoretical.

Student are actively participating in an activity in a meaningful, hands-on way. This type of activity is more likely to help students to understand and remember the concept or lesson.

Paying close attention to what is currently being said. Often the listener is silently making mental notes and focusing on not just the content, but also any emotional content, as well, and connecting what is being said to prior knowledge and experience.

Instructional lessons, activities, etc, that fit the development, language and ability level of the child. This is not necessarily the same thing as developmentally appropriate, since a child's developmental level may not be the same as his/her age level.

A type of evaluation other than a conventional test. It is sometimes used with students who cannot take a conventional test for some reason or for whom a conventional test is not an accurate assessment of their knowledge or ability.

Taking knowledge apart to understand how it fits together. It is one of the higher order thinking skills.

Applying or using what is known to solve an actual problem.

In Texas a team that determines a student's eligibility for special education services, reviews the eligibility on a regular basis, and determines an appropriate individual education plan for the student.

S way of monitoring progress; the act of testing, determining an evaluation of a particular skill or content area; includes many different approaches and formats, formal, informal and authentic evaluation procedures.

According to Piaget this is the process of fitting new ideas or concepts into existing ideas or concepts. It suggests that a child may change or alter what he perceives in the outside world in order to fit his internal world.

Using evaluations procedures that measure exactly what learning has occurred. It literally means "real" and usually consists of a product that the student produces to demonstrate knowledge or mastery of a skill.

The process of becoming independent and regulating one's own behavior.

Proposed by Benjamin Bloom this is a classification tool developed to categorize learning from low level thinking to very high level thinking.

Understanding and knowledge something, whether it is a concept, content information, behavior, etc. It is often used in relation to reading (reading comprehension) to indicate that a reader remembers and understands what was read. But, it is not limited exclusively to reading.

An instructional approach based on the theory on the idea that children build understanding by an active learning process. Students build their own learning and knowledge by exploration, discovery and questioning.

How well a test measures what is was designed to measure.

Involves combining or joining different ideas together Based on elements these ideas have in common. In short, it means putting the different pieces of a topic back together in some organized, structured and understandable fashion. Convergent thinking, then, is an essential part of the outlining and organizing process.

The process of thinking from general terms to specific terms; framing thinks so as to eliminate ideas or possibilities one by one

A program for teaching the English language to children whose first language is not English, although in practice it is much more comprehensive than this and includes the teaching of academic content to students with limited English proficiency. It involves effective instructional strategies for teaching English to non-native speakers.

Acting in the highest moral principles and values. For educators in Texas it means behavior and practices that conform to the Texas Educators' Code of Ethics

Critical thinking that involves making and supporting judgments. This is one of the higher order thinking skills in Bloom's Taxonomy.

Wanting to do something, behaving in a certain way or achieving something because of some type of external reward. The reward could be something tangible, i.e. money, food, etc. or it could be intangible, i.e. praise, better grade, etc.

Measuring knowledge or skill acquistion by means of a standardized test, very often using a commercially published test, although it doesn't have to be commercially published to be formal, but it would need to be standardized.

Monitoring progress before and during learning in order to guide any necessary adjustments and the pace of learning. Formative assessment gives teh teacher inforamtion regarding how well students are understanding a particular concept or skill in order to determine the effectiveness of the instruction. It is done on an ongoing basis during instruction.

A type of visual displaly, chart, graphic, etc. that helps students with planning, organizing, connecting, engaging and evaluating their larning. They are tools that assist teachers and students in the learning process. They take many forms, venn diagrams, semantic maps, timelines, KWL charts, story maps, outlines, etc.

Placing students together in order to for a lesson or other learning or instructional activity. Groupins is sometimes done on the basis of a single student characteristic, such as ability or ethnicity and when done on that basis it is not very effective or desirable.

activities designed so that they require students to get actively engaged in the learning activity in a physical way.

questions that engage the child in more complex cogniive skills. It is usually used to refer to thinking process that are more sophisticated and on the upper level of Bloom's Taxonomy.

Specific and usually, but not always, written statements regardng the exact goals or desired student outcomes for a lesson or other learning activitiy. In other words, what the teacher hopes or expects to accomplish with the lesson.

A plan, tool, technique or approach for teaching. the mehtodology and process the teacher uses to help students understand and learn the instructional objectives.

In the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality. It refers to an important aspect of learning for young children, as they alter and adjust existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences.

Holding schools responsible for what students learn. It is an important concept behind the high stakes testing movement in schools.

The adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture.

A framework for understanding the material to be taught, which is introduced prior to the lesson. They help orient students to the lesson by helping them to connect the new knowledge to prio knowledge and to create an understanding of how the new knowledge fits it with existing knowledge.

Attitudinal and emotional areas of learning, such as values and feelings.

Learning objectives that focus on values, feeling, beliefs and emotions.

A test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.

Classroom management approach (Leo Canter) based on establishing clear limits and expectations, insisting on acceptable student behavior and delivering appropriate consequences when rules are broken.

Process of changing one's own culture to the dominant cultural norms.

A term used to refer to children who are not currently identified as handicapped or disabled but who are considered to have greater than usual chance of school success due to any number of factors such as environment, prior instruction, motivation, etc. .

Problem when behavior deviates so much from appropriate behaviors for the child's age group that it significantly interferes with child leanring, growth and development.

A form for writing an instructional objective that emphasizes precision and careful delineation of expected student behaviors, the testing situation and the desired performance criterion.

Starting with skills and moving to whole knowledge, starting with parts and working toward the whole. An example is learning sounds, then words, then sentences, etc.

A landmark decision of the United States Supreme court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional.

Second language instruction in which students are instructed in academic subject areas in their native language while simultaneously being taught to speak and write in the second language.

An uncritical, non-evaluative process of generating associated ideas. The focus on brainstorming is the quantity of ideas and not necessarily their quality, as a starting point to examining and analyzing ideas.

Discovery learning and constructivism. He wrote that the aim of education should be to create autonomous learners. He proposed three modes of representation: Enactive representation (action-based); Iconic representation (image-based); and Symbolic representation (language-based)

The purpose of this federal law is to provide financial assistance to State and local educational agencies to meet the special educational needs of educationally deprived children. It is recognized, generally, as the funding source for rememdial math and reading programs in school.

Conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex (first identified by Pavlov). For instance, dogs learn to associate a bell with feeding time, so when they hear the bell they immediately start to salivate becasue they have been conditioned to do so.

Techniques used to maintain a healthy learning environment, relatively free of behavior problems.

As described by Benjamin Bloom, this part of the brain that includes content knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts and concepts that serve developing intellectual abilities and skills. There are six major categories, starting from the simplest behavior (recalling facts) to the most complex (Evaluation).

Programs designed to prevent or remediate learning problems among students from lower socioeconomic status communities. In other words, to compensate for factors that have prevented the students from learning and achieving succes in school.

The general process by which the state provides a credential to an individual. Certification is based on the individual demonstrating and documenting achievment and success on specific criterial or competencies.

The concept or understandign (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. According to Piaget, young children do not have this concept until the moved out of the concrete operational stage of development.

Approach to instruction in which students work with a small group of peers to achieve a common goal and help one another learn.

Acommon course of study for all students often called for by essentialist reforms in the 1980's

A test that describes the specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge of an individual relative to a well-defined mastery criterion. The content of criterion-referenced tests is limited to certain specified objectives. The student's perforamnce on this type of test helps the teacher to determine the specific criteria or skills on which the student needs help.

The intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.

A condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and still maintain their cultural uniqueness.

All the courses of study offered by an educational institution

A process whereby a higher central source of responsibility and authority assign certain responsibility and authority to a subordinate position. Example: site-based management. Allowing lower level units of an organization make many of their own decisions.

segregation "by fact," i.e., segregation that results from such factors as housing patterns rather than law.

Segregation that is imposed by law.

A test that helps the teacher to determine students areas of weakness. It helps to identify specific areas, skills or knowledge that are problems for the student.

A constructivist approach. A teaching strategy that allows students to learn by their own active exploration of a concep. Students begin learning with an activity designed to lead them to particular concepts or conclusions. Students acquire basic and advanced knowledge in random order. (Bruner's approach)

In Piaget's theory, the "out of balance" state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her current ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation. New knowledge has be to integrated with the old knoweldge to restore balance.

An open ended type of thinking that extends in different directions and considers multiple answers to a question. An instructional activity or question that taps into divergent thinking is one that is likely to result in the widest variety of student answers, responses or products.

A judicial requirement that enacted laws may not contain provisions that result in the unfair, arbitrary, or unreasonable treatment of an individual.

Piaget's term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation.

A neo-Freudian psychologist that hypothesized that people f pass through 8 social development stages from infancy to old age. Each challenge has an outcome that affects a person's social and personality development. 1. Infancy: Birth to 18 Months Ego Development Outcome: Trust vs. Mistrust Basic strength: Drive and Hope 2. Early Childhood: 18 Months to 3 Years Ego Development Outcome: Autonomy vs. Shame Basic Strengths: Self-control, Courage, and Will 3. Play Age: 3 to 5 Years Ego Development Outcome: Initiative vs. Guilt Basic Strength: Purpose 4. School Age: 6 to 12 Years Ego Development Outcome: Industry vs. Inferiority Basic Strengths: Method and Competence 5. Adolescence: 12 to 18 Years Ego Development Outcome: Identity vs. Role Confusion Basic Strengths: Devotion and Fidelity 6. Young Adulthood: 18 to 35 Ego Development Outcome: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation Basic Strengths: Affiliation and Love 7. Middle Adulthood: 35 to 55 or 65 Ego Development Outcome: Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation Basic Strengths: Production and Care 8. Late Adulthood: 55 or 65 to Death Ego Development Outcome: Integrity vs. Despair Basic Strengths: Wisdom

A group of people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture.

A conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus. In other words, the behavior remains even after the reinforcer that originally encouraged the behavior has been stopped or removed.

Students who are not as dependent on the teacher, other students and the learning environment.

Students who learn best with teacher and peer interaction and who rely heavily on the learning environment.

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

Schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained.

Transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus (psychology). A skill or behavior learned in one context, situation or environment is also used and implemented in different situatiosn or environments.

The developer of reality therapy and choice theory. His ideas, focus on personal choice, personal responsibility and personal transformation,

Measure of grade level based on comparison with norming samples from each grade. Other words, comparing a students performance on a standardized assessment to the grade level of other students with similar performance.

A federally funded preschool program for children from low-income families that also provides healthcare, nutrition services, and social services( part of the economic opportunity act of 1964 during the Johnson administration).

Sets of strategies, rather than strict rules, that act as guidelines for discovery-oriented problem solving.

Values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling. refers to the unspoken and unofficial norms, behaviors, and values that kids learn at school in addition to the official curriculum of math, reading, science, and so on. These can include expectations about how to act in public (standing in line), how to interact with non-parental authority figures, and messages about social hierarchies, and so on.

An educational practice in which students of similar abilities are placed within the same instructional groups. Research indicates that it is an ineffective instructional approach that can result in low student self-esteem and usually does not result in improved student learning.

Series of education reforms in TX headed by Ross Perot that gave higher teacher salaries, more teacher requirements, and the no pass no play rule.

Clear nonaccusatory statement of how something is affecting you practically and emotionally.

A written educational plan for special needs students developed by professionals and the child's parent. Describes education related services developed for each student with a disability. It is a requirement of the IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act).

Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles. It constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples. Inductive reasoning contrasts with deductive reasoning, in which specific examples are derived from general propositions.

Process of bringing people of different races in schools together rather than in separate schools or settings.

A desire to do something that comes from within oneself. Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

Theorist who claimed individuals go through a series of stages in the process of moral development. Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlined six stages within three different levels. Kohlberg extended Piaget's theory, proposing that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan.

Supreme Court rule that schools that do not provide special help for children with limited English are limiting their civil rights.This is landmark legislation for bilingual education in the U.S.(1974). The Supreme Court ruled that school districts must help non-English speaking students learn English.

A specific area in the classroom where students can work at their own ability levels and where materials and activities may be used to develop knowledge in a given subject area(s).

A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involving understanding or in using language, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to speak, think, listen, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations. Students diagnosed with a learning disability compose almost half of all students placed in special education programs in schools.

A legal requirement that children with disabilities be educated with their non disabled peers to the greatest extent possible. The says the students with disabilities should be separated from their age level peers only when their instructional needs can not be met in the general education setting.

The practice of educating students with special needs in regular classes during specific time periods based on their skills.

Theory: "Hierarchy of Needs" Maslow is known for establishing a theory of a hierarchy of human needs in which certain lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be met. Lower level needs consist of food and safety, and belonging and higher level needs consist of esteem, independence and self-actualization (personal growth and fulfillment).

An approach in which the form of instruction and the time available for learning are based on the individual needs of the student. instructional objectives are defined and taught directly. Immediate feedback is provided to the student. The teacher reteaches concepts until the student has mastered them before moving on to the next concepts.

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.

The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores.

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score (IQ) below 70 and difficulty in adapting behavior consists with IQ. The term has been changed to intellectual disability.

Literally means "thinking about thinking." It involves activities such as planning how to approach a given learning task, monitoring comprehension, and evaluating progress toward the completion of a task are metacognitive in nature. It plays a critical role in successful learning

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution; it is the simplest measure of central tendency to determine.

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Instruction that integrates throughout the curriculum the perspectives and experiences of numerous cultural groups.

1983 National Commission report calling for extensive educational reforms, including more academic course requirements, more stringent college entrance requirements, upgraded and updated textbooks, and longer school days and year.

A test designed to indicate how an individual performs in relation to a comparison of grade/age level peers. An IQ test is an example of this.

A graph of frequency distribution shaped like a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a graph of normal distribution. It demonstrates the percentage of people having varying degrees of a certain characteristic ( such as height or IQ) that is normally distributed in the population.

The law that advocated some sort of elementary education should be provided free, at public expense and under public control, for everyone who could not afford or did not want private schooling.

Learning that is strengthened when behavior is followed by positive reinforcement.

Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980) in which he described stages that children go through during cognitive development. Certain skills and abilities are only developed when students have developed to the appropriate stage. Some concepts associated with his theory are assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium, and schema.

A set of instructional materials that students can use to teach themselves about a particular topic. It features self-pacing, immediate feedback, and division of materials into small units (frames).

A form of educational philosophy that believes that individuality, progress, and change are fundamental to one's education. Believing that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives, progressivists center their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abilities of students.

Outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior. Punishment is usually in the form of an aversive, or unpleasant consequence.

A stimulus that strengthens or increases a desired behavior. While punishment results in a decrease or weakening of undesirable behavior, reinforcement results in the strengthening or increase of the desired behavior.

The ability of a test to yield nearly the same score when the same people are tested and then retested on the same test or an alternative form of the test. It is related to the concept of consistency.

An educational program designed to teach a person to overcome an academic weakness or need through additional and or specialized services and education.

In cognitive learning, large, basic units for organizing information. Schemata serve as guides describing what to expect in a given situation, how elements should fit together, the usual relationships among elements, etc. A schema is like a model, framework or stereotype.

The governing body of a school district responsible for the development or approval of educational policies, approval of the budget, hiring of the superintendent, and other personnel matters.

A phenomenon whereby observers bring about what they expect to happen or what they perceive to be true.

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. It is used when the student's present level of the behavior is a long way from the desired level.

An American psychologist known for his research in the area of learning and conditioning. He is known as the "father" of behavioral theory, that behavior change is accomplished through the appropriate use of reinforcement.

Legislation for government funding to go to public schools to provide vocational support and education in 1917.

A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors.

The method of teaching used by the Greek philosopher Socrates. It employs a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason.

Bruner's process of building on a student's previous kowledge to introduce new and broader concepts that are related.

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score (the square root of the variance).

A test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. Many standardized tests allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals.

Whole-number scores from 1 to 9, each representing a wide range of raaw scores. Stanine scores combine some of the properties of percentile ranks with some of the properties of standard scores.

Instruction which considers the ability and needs of the student in the planning process. Instruction focuses on the outcomes or behaviors expected and desired by the learners.

Evaluation conducted after instruction to assess students' final achievement.

Time spent actively engaged in learning the task at hand.

A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people and removed from social reinforcement and interaction for a specified time (usually one minute for each year old the child's age).

The process of monitoring a student's achievement over a period of time, usually years. This information is often used for placement and instructional purposes. It can also refer to the process of placing students in specifically focused educational programs (an "academic track," or a "vocational track") and requiring them to remain in those programs.

Occurs when a student connects the new knowledge being presented to familiar concepts.

Places special emphasis on moral and ethical issue. More popularly known as character education.

A collection of examples of a person's work. For example, samples of products indicating an individual's proficiency and skill in performing a certain type of work.

In Texas these are required to support and assist teachers in identifying areas of needed approval in teaching so that they can obtain appropriate professional development.

The state agency in Texas that has administrative and supervisory authority over the operation of public schools. Implements laws passed by the legislature and establishes policies and procedures for implement laws and other legal requirements.

An instructional approach that establishes instructional areas where students work individually or in small groups to work independently on instructional tasks and projects.

An assessment method in which a form is developed specifying the requirement elements and components of an assignment, along with the points awarded for meeting various levels of quality for the individual components. It is a way of evaluating assignments consisting of some type of product (a paper, a project). It also allows students to know in advance the criteria by which the assignment will be evaluated.

A major component of grammar, it is the rules by which words are put together in the right form and order to appropriately form sentences, phrases and clauses.

The meaning of words, closely related to the concept of vocabulary. The relationship between and among words and their various meanings.

Means the beginning point. When used with a word like "data" or "assessment" it refers to where a student was before beginning a lesson or intervention.

Means "unified whole." It refers to theories of visual perception developed by German psychologists in the 1920s. It describes how people tend to organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes when certain principles are applied. These principles are: Similarity, Anomaly (difference), Continuation, Closure, Proximity, Figure and Ground.

A federal law that governs student confidentiality in schools. It requires that schools not divulge, reveal or share any personally identifiable information about a student or his/her family, unless it is with another school employee who needs the information to work with the student. An exception is the publishing of student directory information.

A component of an IEP it is developed for students with special behavior problems and identifies the strategies and steps school personnel will use with the student to address the behavior.

Thinking about something one has done or something that has been done as a means of analyzing its effectiveness and planning any needed changes or alterations for the future.

To expand or build upon something that was done or said.

Structured (but not intrusive) intervention and supports that allows the child to access functions and activities that are not available when working alone. The interventions and supports are gradually removed until the child is doing the task on his or her own.

An instructional approach to academic subjects that emphasizes the use of carefully sequenced steps that include demonstration, modeling, guided practice, and independent application.

A type of graphic organizer that provides a visual picture to assist in understanding a concept or term.

A real example or item, such as an actual piece of clothing worn in the civil war, or an actual letter from an historical figure, or an actual plant or mineral being discussed in science class.

A level of thinking about things that is removed from the facts of the "here and now", and from specific examples of the things or concepts being thought about. Abstract thinkers are able to reflect on events and ideas, and on attributes and relationships separate from the objects that have those attributes or share those relationships.

Thought derived from the senses, which reflects experience rather than abstract reasoning. In other words, believes and understands only what is observed. In Piaget's classification this stage occurs between 7 and 11 years of age, is preceded by syncretic thinking, and is followed by abstract thinking

The attempted reconciliation, melding or union of different or opposing principles, practices, or parties, as in philosophy or religion. In language it can also mean the merging of two or more originally different inflectional forms.

A classroom where students with disabilities are taught together with their nondisabled peers.

The strengthening of desired behavior by giving the individual something they want, i.e. praise, extra points, attention, etc.

The strengthening of desired behavior by taking away something the individual doesn't want, i.e. staying in class for recess, ignoring them, etc.

Refers to pausing after asking a student a question to give him or her time to think about the question and the answer. This approach usually result in better quality, higher level answers from students.

A type of graphic organizer that assists students in understanding similarities and differences between two or more concepts, topics or terms. Consists of overlapping circles representing the concepts or terms under discussion.

A type of graphic organizer that visually displays the relationships among various words and their meanings.

While usually applying to the ability to read and to write, it can actually refer to an individual's overallknowledge or understanding of a concept or topic, such as "media literacy" (understanding a wide range of media) "cultural literacy" (a broad understanding of cultures), etc.

Jean Piaget's idea that children of about eight or nine months of age develop awareness/the idea that objects continue to exist even when one cannot see them. Before this stage, as far as the infant is concerned, items that are not within eyesight range do not exist.

Piaget's third stage of cognitive developmentAges 7 to 12. At this time, elementary-age and preadolescent children demonstrate logical, concrete reasoning. Children's thinking becomes less egocentric and they are increasingly aware of external events. They begin to realize that one's own thoughts and feelings are unique and may not be shared by others or may not even be part of reality.

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development. Birth through ages 18-24 months. infants are only aware of what is immediately in front of them. They focus on what they see, what they are doing, and physical interactions with their immediate environment.

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development. (18-24 months) through early childhood (age 7. During this stage, young children are able to think about things symbolically. Their language use becomes more mature. They also develop memory and imagination, which allows them to understand the difference between past and future, and engage in make-believe. But their thinking is based on intuition and still not completely logical.

Piaget's fourth (final) stage of cognitive development. Adolescence through adulthood. Adolescents who reach this fourth stage of intellectual development are able to logically use symbols related to abstract concepts, such as algebra and science. They can think about multiple variables in systematic ways, formulate hypotheses, and consider possibilities. They also can ponder abstract relationships and concepts such as justice.

Refers to where an individual believes the control for his or life is. A person can have an external locus of control, believing that s/he has no control over what happens, how successful s/he is, that iis all a matter of luck, fate, etc.. Or, a person can have an internal locus of control meaning that s/he believes that s/he can control outcomes by making different decisions, working harder, etc.

A lesson that or study that incorporates and integrates knowledge and activities from different subject areas, such as science, math, and social studies.

The ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures and socio-economic backgrounds. It comprises four components: (a) Awareness of one's own cultural worldview, (b) Attitude towards cultural differences, (c) Knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews, and (d) Cross-cultural skills. Developing cultural competence results in an ability to understand, communicate with, and effectively interact with people across cultures.

Refers to different groups in society keeping their distinctive cultures while coexisting peacefully with the dominant group. A society in which different cultures or ethnic groups live together in harmony and mutual respect, each retaining some of its cultural identity.

The state curriculum required to be taught in public schools. It identifies what knowledge and skills students should have mastered at various points during their school career (K.3, third-month of Kindergarten,etc.) It doesn't tell how to asses those skills or how to teach them, but simply identifies when they are to be taught and mastered.

A test to determine more specifically the exact nature a student, or students', learning problems. It con help the teacher identify ways to better assist the the students. It is often administered after a standardized test is given that reveals that the student is having problems learning in a certain content area, but the exact nature of the problem is not known.

A tool on an Internet browser (Explorer, Firefox) to save website addresses for later use.

An Internet program that allows a user to find website and other documents on a particular subject (Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc.)

In terms of computers this is a program that allows a user to engage in an activity or task that is close to the actual thing. It is often used when the actual thing is not possible or desirable. It is used o increase creativity and problem solving skill and to expand a student's understanding of concepts.

This is an instructional approach used to help students increase mastery of a concept or skill and to maintain existing knowledge and skills. For instance, practicing a certain type of math problem.

In terms of schools, this refers to teachers, administrators, parents, and other community members actively participating in making decisions to improve student learning within a school.

Students develop hypotheses, collect information/data to test the hypotheses and analyze information/data and formulate conclusions based on the analyses. This is sometimes referred to as the scientific method.

Students acquire knowledge and deepen their understanding as a result of developing solutions to real life problems.

Bloom's Taxonomy is a classification of learning objectives within education proposed in 1956 by a committee of educators chaired by Benjamin Bloom. Bloom's Taxonomy divides educational objectives into three "domains": Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor. Teachers should teach to the higher levels of the cognitive domain.