Psychology, Making Connections, Learning Chapter 8

enduring changes in behavior

the automatic shift of attention toward a new stimulus.

(p296)

a sensory process by which organisms adapt to constant stimulation. (p296)

process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked so that we begin to connect them in our minds. (p296)

a form of associative learning in which behaviors are triggered by associations with events in the environment. (p296)

form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic inborn response. (297) Discovered by Ivan Pavlov. Originally called conditioning of reflexes.

the automatic, inborn reaction to a stimulus. (p298)

the environmental input that always produces the same unlearned response. (p298) unconditioned simply means unlearned

a previously neutral input that an organism learns to associate with the UCS. (p298)

a behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with the CS. (p298)

restriction of a CR (such as salivation) to the exact CS to which it was conditioned.

(p299)

extension of the association between UCS and CS to include a broad array of similar stimuli. (p299)

the weakening and disappearance of a condition response, which occurs when the UCS is no longer paired with the CS. (p299)

the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response. (p300)

the consequences of a behavior increase (or decrease) the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. (p302)

the process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.

(p303)

Behavior-texting during class, Consequence-receive a reply that is more interesting than the lecture, Outcome-Keep on texting. (p 303)

an internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior. (p304)

reinforcers that are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning. (p304)

the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur. (p304)

you exercise a few times and feel better, Result-you exercise more often, and increase in behavior. (p 305)

innate, unlearned reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (such as food, water, or sex).

(p304)

removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior. (p304)

you buckle your seat belt and the annoying buzzer sound is removed, result-you continue using your seat belt, and increase in behavior. (p 305)

stimulus, presented after a behavior, that decreases the frequency of the behavior. (p305)

the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior. (p305)

you talk back to your mom.

She takes away tv and videos for a week, result-you stop talking back to your mom, a decrease in behavior. (p 305)

the addition of a stimulus that decreases behavior. (p305)

you park in the faculty parking lot. You then receive a fine, result-you stop parking in the faculty lot, a decrease in behavior. (p 305)

simple chamber used for operant conditioning of small animals. (p306)

the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior.

(p307)

reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs. (p308)

reinforcement of a behavior-but not after every response. (p308)

patterns of reinforcement distinguished by whether reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses or after a certain amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. (p309)

pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses. (p309)

pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes. (p309)

pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed.

(p310)

pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed. (p310)

learned behavior that shifts toward instinctive, unlearned behavior tendency. (p313)

view on learning proposing that some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others. (p313)

learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs.

(p314)

the learned avoidance of a particular taste or food. (p315)

learning by doing. (p318)

learning by watching the behavior of others. (p318)

a description of the kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others. (p319)

the imitation of behaviors performed by others.

(p319)

the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth. (p322)

imprinting provides clear evidence this period, a period when a particular type of learning occurs very readily in an animal when it is exposed to a particular stimulus or response. (p 323)

the scientific study of animal behavior. (p322)

the application of operant conditioning principles to change behavior. (p329)

p 330