Operant Conditioning
Links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors.
Operant Conditioning Chart
Positive Reinforcers
Increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following desired behavior
Negative Reinforcers
Increase the frequency of a behavior through removal of an unpleasant thing (ex: Aspirin removes pain, and therefore will be more likely to be used next time you get a headache)
Negative Reinforcer Subcategories
1. Escape Learning2.
Avoidance Learning
Escape Learning
The role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists.
Avoidance Learning
Prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen.
Positive Punishment
Adds an unpleasant consequence to a behavior to reduce that behavior
Negative Punishment
Reduction of behavior when a stimulus is removed (ex: taking away a child's toys)
Observational Learning
Process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others. Affected by mirror neurons
Types of Sensory Memory
1.
Iconic (Visual)2. Echoic (Auditory)
Sensory Memory
Fleeting. Lasts under a second
Working Memory
Enables us to keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that information. Involves frontal and parietal lobes.
Two Types of Long Term Memory
1. Implicit2.
Explicit
Long Term Memory
After a long time, moved from hippocampus to cerebral cortex.
Implicit Memory
Our skills and conditioned responses
Explicit Memory
Those memories that require conscious recall.
Explicit Memory Types
1. Semantic Memory2. Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory
The facts we know
Episodic Memory
Our experiences
Retrieval
Process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained.Based on PRIMING interconnected nodes of the semantic nework
Recall
Retrieval and statement of previously learned information.
Recognition
Process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned.--> stronger than recall
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that stimulates the neuromuscular junction and postganglionic neurons, and in brain for arousal, attention, motivation; principal parasympathetic neurotransmitter.
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter both excitatory and inhibitory involved in focus and motivation as well as maintaining smooth movements and steady posture.
Endorphins
Along with enkephalins, are neuromodulators (neuropeptides) that are natural painkillers.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Principal sympathetic neurotransmitters involved with fight-or-flight responses, wakefulness, and alertness; derived from tyrosine.
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter involved with mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming.
GABA and Glycine
Amino-acid derivative inhibitory neurotransmitters involved with brain "stabilization"
Glutamate
The major excitatory neurotransmitter.
