Learning Theory: ch. 13 Bandura

Current leading researcher and theorist in the area of observational learning. Greatly influenced by Dollard and Miller's book "Social Learning and Imitation." Viewed observational learning as primarily a cognitive process which involves a number of distinctly human attributes, such as language, morality, thinking, and the self-regulation of one's behavior

The process whereby information is acquired by attending to events in the environment

The events that one experiences as a result of one's own personal interactions with the environment

The impact on one's own learning or behavior that comes from observing the consequences of another person's behavior

The learned tendency to mimic the behavior of a model whose behavior has been seen being reinforced.

Accordion to Bandura, imitative behavior is only one of many possible results of observational learning

Same behavior, copying behavior, and matched-dependent behavior

A kind of imitative behavior studied by Miller and Dollard in which two or more individuals respond the same way to the same stimulus

A kind of imitative behavior studied by Miller and Dollard in which a sophisticated individual guides the behavior of a naïve individual until an appropriate response is made

A kind of imitative behavior studied by Miller and Dollard in which the behavior of one person acts as a cue for another person to behave in a similar way.

The learned tendency to imitate the behavior of others in order to be reinforced

Any theory that claims learning cannot occur without reinforcement. Bandura's is not a reinforcement theory

Anything that conveys information to an observer. In Bandura's theory, a model can be a person, film, picture, instructions, description, animal, television, or newspaper

The process by which observing another person's behavior being reinforced increases the probability of the observer acting in a similar way

The process by which observing another person's behavior being punished decreases the probability of the observer acting in a similar way

According to Bandura, reinforcement gives the observer information concerning what leads to what in the environment, so that the observer can anticipate certain outcomes from certain behaviors

The translation of what has been learned into behavior

The case in which an observer does not display what has been learned from a modeling experience until sometime after the modeling experience has been terminated

Those variables that determine what is attended to during observational learning

The variables involved in encoding certain observations for memory.

Bandura believes that observations are stored in memory through imaginal and verbal symbols

Those variables that determine which aspects of what has been learned and retained cognitively can be produced behaviorally

Those variables that provide incentives for translating what has been learned and stored cognitively into behavior

Bandura's contention that the environment, the person, and the person's behavior all interact to produce behavior

The environmental events available to an organism if it acts in ways that actualize them

That portion of a potential environment that is actualized by an organism's behavior

Behavior that is regulated by one's own performance standards, moral codes, or imagination

The internalized criteria that come from either direct or vicarious experiences used to monitor, evaluate, and reinforce or punish one's own behavior

What a person believes he or she is capable of doing; often contrasts with real self-efficacy

What a person is actually capable of accomplishing; may or may not correspond to perceived self-efficacy

The internalized criteria that come from direct or vicarious experience used to monitor and evaluate one's own ethical behavior. If one's behavior violates an internalized moral code, one experiences self-contempt

The self-imposed punishment that is administered when an individual's internalized moral code is violated

1. Moral justification 2. Euphemistic Labeling 3. Advantageous comparison 4.

Displacement of responsibility 5. Diffusion of responsibility 6. Disregard or distortion of consequences 7. Dehumanization 8. Attribution of blame

On attempt to escape from self-contempt by attributing one's immoral behavior to a higher cause

An attempt to escape from self-contempt by calling an immoral act something other than what it really is

An attempt to escape self-contempt by claiming that a person in a position of authority caused one to act immorally

On attempt to escape self-contempt by saying that the decision to engage in an immoral act has been made by a group

An attempt to escape self-contempt by minimizing the harm caused by one's immoral actions

Make the victim of one's immoral actions appear to be less human in an attempt to escape self-contempt

An attempt to escape self-contempt by saying the victim of one's immoral actions caused one to act as one did

the gaining of new information from one's observations

A decrease in brain activity; a stimulus that causes inhibition is called a negative stimulus; for Bandura, the reduced probability of performing a previously learned response that results from either direct or vicarious punishment of that response

In classical conditioning, the disruptive effect caused by presenting a novel stimulus along with an established conditioned inhibitor.

In observational learning, the removal or reduction of an inhibition to perform a certain response that results from either performing the response without experiencing negative consequences or from seeing a model perform the response without experiencing negative consequences

The increased probability of making a previously learned response that results from observing another person making the response

The innovation that results from either synthesizing the influences of several models or from observing a single model demonstrate unconventional problem-solving strategies

The situation in which observers are presented with a variety of modeling experiences for which they extract a common rule or principle. Once extracted, the rule or principle can be applied to new situations

The extinction of a response that comes from observing that a models performance of that response is not reinforced

The observation of a single model

The observation of two or more models

The observation of a live model

The observation of something other than a live model, such as a film or television

The situation in which a live model guides the behavior of an observer until an appropriate response is made. This is much like the copying behavior studied by Miller and Dollard.

The procedure whereby clients are asked to imagine an anxiety-provoking thought until they are able to ponder the thought without experiencing anxiety

What Bandura called his theory to differentiate it from Miller and Dollard's work.

The conscious planning and intentional execution of actions that influence future events

Neurons in the motor cortex of primates and humans that are active both when a significant behavior is observed and when it is executed

Non-conscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one's interaction partners