Define 'learning'
A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.
What is classical conditioning?
Type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response.
Define 'stimulus'
Anything you can respond to in the environment
Define 'response'
Any behavior or action
What are the five components of classical conditioning?
1.) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)2.) Unconditioned response (UCR)3.) Neutral stimulus (NS)4.) Conditioned stimulus (CS)5.) Conditioned response (CR)
Define 'UCS'
Stimulus that NATURALLY causes a reflexive response (scalding water)
Define 'UCR'
The reflexive response to the UCS.
(Jumping away)
What makes the UCR different from the CR?
The UCR is NOT learned. The CR is.
Define 'NS'
Describes the stimulus before conditioning. ("Flush!" being yelled)
Define 'CS'
An NS that through learning gained the ability to produce a conditioned response.
("Flush!")
Define 'CR'
The response to the CR. (Jumping away as a result of "Flush!")
What are the three basic processes of classical conditioning?
1.) Acquisition2.) Extinction3.
) Spontaneous Recovery
Define 'Acquisition'
The process of developing a new. learned response.
What must you do to ensure acquisition?
Test the subject. So like when Mr. Bertram told us to not put the lemonade in our mouth but rang the bell anyways.
He was testing to see if we had a response to the NS
What must occur for acquisition in classical conditioning?
The NS must repeatedly be paired with the UCS.Repeatedly rang the bell and had lemonade during our class experiment.
Define 'Extinction'
The loss of a learned response.
How is extinction caused?
By repeatedly presenting the CS alone (w/o the UCS) until CR is gone.
Define 'Spontaneous Recovery'
The return of an extinguished classically conditioned response after a rest period.
What is Ivan Pavlov's area of study?
Digestive biology.
What did Pavlov notice with his dogs?
His dogs learned when the experimenter entered the room that food was coming so they started to salivate.
In Pavlov's experiment, what were the five components of classical conditioning?
UCS: Meat powder (dogs naturally salivate to this)UCR: Salivate because of meat powder.NS: Tuning fork before learning.CS: Tuning fork after learning.CR: Salivation because of tuning fork.
Define 'Generalization'
Two similar stimuli create the same response.
How did Pavlov's experiment illustrate generalization?
The tuning fork in B and the tuning fork in C both caused salivation.
How did Pavlov's experiment illustrate discrimination?
The tuning fork in D did not cause salivation.
Define 'Discrimination'
Two similar, but different, stimuli that do not cause the same response.
How did Pavlov's experiment illustrate extinction? Spontaneous recovery?
Extinction happened when a few months went by without practicing. The dogs no lonoger salivated.Spontaneous recovery happened soon after that, he played the tuning fork one more time a few weeks after extinction and a few dogs salivated.
Define 'Tabula Rasa'
A clean, totally blank state of perception.
No bias, no learning. Like a baby.
What experiment did John Watson perform?
The Baby Albert experiment.
What did Watson do in his experiment?
Watson classically conditioned Albert to fear a white rat by presenting it with loud noises.
Albert generalized this to all furry things, including the creepy af clown mask.
Define 'implicit bias'
Bias in judgement or behavior resulting from subtle cognitive processes, below conscious awareness.
Define 'explicit bias'
Beliefs that one endorses at the conscious level.
Define 'Operant Conditioning'
The subject is free to operate
What is behavior based off of during operant conditioning?
Reinforcement and consequences.
Define 'positive reinforcement'
Behavior followed by desirable event/state
Define 'negative reinforcement'
Behavior ends undesirable event/state
Whats another term for 'operant chamber'
Skinner box.
Define 'reinforcement'
Any consequence apt to increase the likelihood of behavior.
Define 'punishment'
Any consequence apt to decrease the likelihood of behavior.
Who decides what is punishment and what is reinforcement? How does this apply to broccoli?
The learner decides.For example a kid may like broccoli, so giving it to him/her would be a pleasure and increase behavior. On the flip side, a chiddler may not like broccoli and giving it to them would be a punishment.
What is Thorndike's law of effect?
Behavior's with favorable consequences occur more frequently than those with negative, and it depends on the learner's preferences.
T/F: Delayed reinforcement is better because it gives the person more time to correlate the behavior with the reward.
Fals-o-rino. Immediate is far more effective.For example, the taste of food immediately overrides risk of becoming fat.
Define 'Primary reinforcement'
Something naturally rewarding (food, water, warmth, etc)
Define 'Secondary reinforcement'
Something that is learned to be affiliated with a primary reinforcement.
(Money is paired with just about everything)
What are the problems with punishment? (3)
1.) May cause avoidance behaviors, fear, anxiety, and lower self-esteem2.) May not stop behavior, rather just cause it to be more well hidden3.) Children physically punished may learn to use aggression as a means to solve problems
What is a positive of punishment?
Effectively controls some behaviors, especially teaching kids not to do dangerous stuff
What are the two types of punishment? Give an example of each.
1.) Behavior causes undesirable state/event.
Placing hand on stove = being burned2.) Behavior ends desirable state/event. Picking on a sibling = getting grounded.
Immediate reinforcement is more time efficient, but what is the perk to delaying the reward?
It predicts a higher achievement.
Define 'Fixed' in terms of operant conditioning
Constant, stays the same
Define 'Variable' in terms of operant conditioning
Changes, varies each trial
Define 'Interval' in terms of operant conditioning
Unit of time
Define 'Ratio' in terms of operant conditioning
Number of correct responses, amount of work
Define 'observational learning'
Learning from watching and imitating others
What is another term for observational learning?
Modeling
Define 'model'
Person, or thing, observed by learner
What did Albert Bandura's experiment entail? What was it called?
The Bobo experiments. They studied the aggression of children after first presenting them with an aggressive model and letting them see the model's consequences (if there were any)
What was the result of Albert Bandura's experiment?
The kids modeled the adults.
It was predicted the kids would be less aggressive but that was not the case, some even were more aggressive than the adults. The one exception was the kids who watched their model get punished, they stayed far away from the Bobo doll.
Define 'vicarious learning'
Learning by seeing the consequences of another person's behavior.
