what are the factors influencing language environment of primary grades?
alignment of curricula to state and national standards, way in which curricula are implemented, and presence of a classroom community environment
how does the alignment of curricula to state and national standards influence language environments?
more formal and more firmly established
what are the ways in which curricula are implemented?
task-centered and learner-centered
in the classroom community environment, there are opportunities for children to what?
express their thinking, clarify misunderstandings, and question others' perceptions
what are the interaction patterns for primary classrooms?
linguistic scaffolding, mediation, and questioning
involves expansion, questioning, and repetition
linguistic scaffolding
includes teacher "think alouds"
mediation
how should teachers use questioning?
vary types of questions, focus on question-answer relationships, and use sufficient wait time
what are the language related primary curricular goals?
focus on listening, speaking, reading, and writing, and address each of there five aspects of language knowledge
what are the 5 aspects of language knowledge?
phonetic, semantic, syntactic, morphemic, and pragmatic
what make learning tasks harder and may result in frustration?
ineffective listening strategies
what are the components of listening competencies?
receiving the message, comprehending the message, and responding to what has been said
in what settings do primary children need to be able to listen effectively?
receiving directions when in a large group, understanding explanations of concepts, communicating with peers in group work, and participating in class discussions
teachers should model what?
active listening in class discussions and one-on-one conversations
teachers should provide __________ to speaker
feedback
what should teachers avoid?
constantly repeating oral directions
what should teachers observe?
children's verbal and non-verbal responses
how can teachers encourage children to ask questions and seek answers to their questions?
through direct experiences and through focused classroom conversations
whats an example of direct experiences?
exploratory and discovery center activities
whats an example of focused classroom conversations?
teacher-directed activities
Provides many opportunities to engage in questioning and conversations in the pursuit of new knowledge
inquiry learning
inquiry learning incorporates what?
listening, speaking, reading, and writing
what are examples of exploratory and discovery center activities?
classroom library center, content/concept learning centers, writing center, word walls, take home exploratory activities
Wide range of genre,Supportive book illustrations, and should refresh periodically
classroom library center
Enhance conceptual knowledge and problem-solving strategies
content/concept learning centers
Encourage child-generated topics and formats, Provide a wide range of supplies, May involve journaling, Conversations are encouraged during the writing process, and Children should share their writing
writing center
May be part of a writing center, represent high-frequency words or a conceptual theme, and content changes to support other activities
word walls
what are examples of take home exploratory activities?
reading or writing backpack
what are examples of whole class teacher-directed activities?
teacher read-alouds, creative drama, language experience stories, interactive writing, and media presentations
what do teacher read-alouds enhance?
listening comprehension and pragmatic development
how do teacher read-alouds enhance listening comprehension?
vocal development and recall of story events and characters
how do teacher read-alouds enhance pragmatic development?
awareness of different genre and different language variations (dialect and formal english)
creative drama may involve what?
specialized vocabulary
what does a creative drama enhance?
comprehension and increases experiences with different speech registers
re-enactment based on a story or event
creative drama
what do language experience stories and interactive writing provide?
opportunities to create a shared text and to share in reading text and opportunities for a teacher to observe children's use of language to construct a text
media presentations provide opportunities to what?
expand listening vocabulary and expand receptive knowledge of syntax and semantics
media presentations should be followed by what?
oral discussion and sharing
small group teacher-directed activities provide opportunity for what?
more active participation by each child
how should teachers group children?
based on their specific developmental level
how many children should be in each small group?
5-6
what are examples of small group teacher directed activities?
word study activities, shared reading, literature circles, and collaborative projects
word study activities focus on what?
specific linguistic concepts like initial sounds and word endings
word study activities enhance what?
metalinguistic awareness
what are examples of word study activities?
word families and word banks
shared reading is an opportunity to do what?
read aloud in an informal setting
how should shared reading be set up?
reading pairs, small groups of 3-4, and buddy/cross-age group
shared reading may boost what?
self-confidence and oral fluency
peer discussions of stories
literature circles
what do literature circles enhance?
oral language competencies (listening and speaking)
literature circles requires the teacher to do what?
first model and support expected interaction during discussions
collaborative projects provide the opportunity to do what?
use language to explore, create, and solve problems
how do collaborative projects enhance pragmatic knowledge?
how to use language for different purposes in different contexts
