Vygotsky (social-constructivist theory of development)

Primitive stage (0-2)

Vygotsky claimed that infants are born with the basic materials/abilities for intellectual development. Sensation Perception Attention Memory

Through interaction within the sociocultural environment, these elementary functions are developed into more sophisticated and effective mental processes/strategies.

Graphological skills Abstract thinking Problem solving Oral and written language

Range of tasks that are slightly too difficult for a child to do alone but can be accomplished with guidance from an adult.

The person who has a better understanding than the learner with respect to a particular task or concept.

Guided learning where the MKO structures a learning encounter with a child, leading the child through the steps.

Gradual internalisation of interpersonal exchanges, children move from: 1) Completing task in interaction with adult (imitation) 2) Completing task independently with considerable self talking (ego-centric speech) 3) Completing tasks independently with NO SELF TALK (ingrowth stage)

Vygotsky sees cognitive functions as socio-culturally determined. They are affected by beliefs and values of the culture in which a person develops.

Through interaction, knowledge is gained and responses reflect the shared culture.

Allow children to use the basic mental function more effectively and these are culturally determined.