Differential Association and Social Learning Theories

Edwin Sutherland's main argument in his differential association theory is that criminal behavior is learned in _____.

_____ are attitudes or meanings that one attaches to given behavior - norms, attitudes, and orientations.

Definitions vary by _____, _____, _____, and _____.

ELEMENTS OF "DEFINITIONS" The more _____ the interactions the more likely to have more influence.

ELEMENTS OF "DEFINITIONS" The longer the _____ the greater influence the interaction will have.

ELEMENTS OF "DEFINITIONS" _____ is the age of the juvenile when they first encounter criminality.

ELEMENTS OF "DEFINITIONS" _____ is the importance or prestige attributed to the individual or groups for which they have interactions with.

The differential association theory is classified as a _____ theory.

The differential association theory is a _____ even now, though often ideas adapted and expanded upon instead of being used independently.

The differential association theory focuses on _____, learning from _____, and learning _____ favorable to law violation - all concepts carried into several other theories.

_____ pioneered the idea that criminal behavior is learned behavior.

According to the differential association theory, propensity to commit crime is related to the social acceptance of _____ to which the actor is exposed.

Sutherland developed nine central propositions upon which the differential association theory is based: (1) Criminal behavior is _____. (2) Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of _____. (3) The principle part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within _____. (4) When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes -_____ of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes very simple; -The _____ of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. (5) The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from _____ of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.

(6) A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions _____ to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law. (7) Differential associations may vary in _____, _____, _____, and _____. (8) The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in _____. (9) While criminal behavior is an expression of general _____ and _____, it is not explained by those general needs and values, since noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.

Criticism of the differential association theory raises the question of whether people really need to be _____ all criminal behaviors.

Criticism of the differential association theory says that it ignores _____ in the propensity to associate with antisocial peers.

Criticism of the differential association theory says that it fails to distinguish between _____ of peer influence.

In his criticism of the differential association theory, Mark Warr (2000) proposes the difference between _____ (accepting the appropriateness of one's actions) and _____ (simply going along with the motions).

Criticism of the differential association theory says that it neglects individual differences in the ease or difficulty with which _____ occurs.

Criticism of the differential association theory says that it does not explain the actions of all _____ of criminals (e.

g. non-career type criminals).

Criticism of the differential association theory says that its wording is very _____, which makes the ideas difficult to operationalize and thus test.

Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess's main argument in their social learning theory is that the concepts of _____ can be applied to differential association theory to explain how individuals adopt definitions favorable to crime.

According to the social learning theory, definitions are learned through _____.

According to the social learning theory, imitation becomes less important as the effects of _____ continue.

According to the social learning theory, actual _____ of the specific behavior come into play to determine the probability that use will be continued and at what level.

_____ is a perspective on learning that asserts that behavior is shaped by its consequences.

Operant conditioning uses the concepts of positive/negative _____/_____.

According to the social learning theory, criminal behavior is learned through _____ or _____.

According to the social learning theory, criminal behavior is learned both in nonsocial _____ situations or nonsocial _____ situations and thru social interaction.

According to the social learning theory, the principal components of learning occur in _____.

According to the social learning theory, learning depends on available _____.

According to the social learning theory, the type and frequency of learning depends on the _____ by which these reinforcements are applied.

According to the social learning theory, criminal behavior is a function of norms that are _____ for criminal behavior.

According to the social learning theory, the strength of criminal behavior depends upon its _____.

Criticisms of the social learning theory say that it does not take into account _____ or _____.

Criticisms of the social learning theory say that it ignores the role of _____ in criminal behavior.

Criticisms of the social learning theory say that it lacks the ability to _____ the theory, making it difficult to test.

Criticisms of the social learning theory say that its basic behavioral principles have been challenged because they may be _____.

Criticisms of the social learning theory say that it does not provide applicable advice for _____ or _____ crime.

Policy implications of the differential association theory include _____ for delinquents focusing on reasons to abide by laws to replace excuses and justifications to break it.

Policy implications of the differential association theory include _____ using peer evaluation training.

Policy implications of the differential association theory include replacing antisocial _____ with pro-social ones.

_____ refers to after-school programs and other activities that promote positive learning behaviors.

_____ refers to minimizing contact with other delinquents or criminals serving parole or on probation.

Policy implications of the social learning theory include implementing preventive and rehabilitative programs that use _____ to change behavior in a positive direction.