Classical Conditioning:
acquiring a new response to a previously neutral stimulus that reliably signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus:
the stimulus in a reflex that automatically elicits an unconditioned response
Reflex:
A stimulus response pair in which the stimulus (unconditioned) automatically elicits the unconditioned response
Unconditioned Response:
the response in a reflex that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus:
the stimulus that comes to elicit a new response (the conditioned) in classical conditioning
Conditioned Response:
the response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning
Pavlov experiment breakdown:
Bell: Neutral stimulus Dog + food (unconditioned) = Salivate (unconditioned response) Ring bell + Food + salivate Bell turns into conditioned stimulus making..ring bell = Salivate (conditioned response)
Delayed Conditioning:
a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus preceded the unconditioned stimulus and remains present until after unconditioned stimulus is presented so that the two stimulus occur together.
Little albert study:
John watson, study on infant while using white rabbit -albert wasn't afraid of the rat - USR: fear avoidance response - USS: unexpected loud noise
Acquisition (in classical conditioning):
acquiring a new response to the conditioned stimulus
extinction (In classical conditioning):
the diminishing of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery( in classical conditioning):
a partial recovery in strength of the conditioned response, following a break during extinction training
stimulus recovery:
the elicitation of the conditioned response to stimulus that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus discrimination:
the elicitation of the conditioned response only by the conditioned stimulus or only by a small set of highly similar stimuli that included the conditioned stimulus
operant conditioning:
learning to associate behaviors w their consequences.
Behaviors that are reinforced w/ satisfying consequences will be strengthened. Behaviors with negative reinforcements will be weakened.
Law of effect:
a principle developed by edward throndike that says that any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated.
Reinforcer:
a stimulus that increases the probability of a prior response.
Punisher:
a stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior response
reinforcement:
the process by which the probability of a response is increased by the presence of a reinforcer
punishment:
decrease
appetitive stimulus:
a stimulus that is pleasant
adverse stimulus:
a stimulus that is unpleasant
positive reinforcement:
reinforcement in which an appetitive stimulus is presented
negative punishment:
punishment in which an appetitive stimulus is removed
primary reinforcer:
a stimulus that is innately reinforcing
secondary reinforcer:
a stimulus that gains its reinforcement property through learning (money, grades, applause)
shaping:
training a human or animal to make an operant response by reinforcing successive undesired response.
acquisition:
the strengthening of a reinforced operant response
extinction (in operant conditioning):
the diminishing of the operant response when its no longer reinforced
spontaneous recovery (in OC)
the temporary recovery of the operant response following a break during extinction training.
discriminative stimulus:
the stimulus that has to be present for the operant response to be reinforced.
stimulus discrimination:
learning to give the operant response only in the presence of the discriminative stimulus
continuous schedule of reinforcement:
reinforcing the desired operant response each time it is made
partial schedule of reinforcement:
reinforcing the desired operant response only part time
partial reinforcement effect
the finding that operant responses that are reinforced on partial schedules are more resistant to extinction than those reinforced on a continuous schedule
fixed- ratio schedule:
a partial schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered each time a fixed number of responses is made
variable-ratio schedule:
a partial schedule of reinforcement in which the number or responses varies from each trial but averages to a set number across trials
Fixed interval schedule:
a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered after the 1st response if given once a set interval of time has elapsed
variable-interval schedule:
a partial schedule of reinforcement.. pg. 166
motivation:
the set of internal and external factors that energize our behavior towards a goal.
drive-reduction theory:
theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated by incentives, external stimuli that we have learned to associate with reinforcement.
incentive theory:
a theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated by incentives, external stimuli that we have learned to associate with reinforcement
arousal theory:
a theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated to main an optimal level of physiological arousal
extrinsic motivation:
the desire to perform a behavior for external reinforcement
intrinsic motivation:
the desire to preform a behavior for its own sake
over justification effect:
a decrease in intrinsically motivated behavior after behavior is extrinsically reinforced.
instinctual drift:
tendency for an animal to drift back from a learned operant response to an instinctual response to the object
latent learning:
learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is incentive to do so
observational learning:
learning by observing others of imitating their behavior
