Chapter 7 – Learning and Behavior – Mazur

A behavior-strengthening procedure in which an aversive stimulus is removed or omitted if the behavior occurs.

A type of negative reinforcement in which performing a resonse leads to the termination of an aversive stimulus.

A type of negative reinforcement in which performing a response prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place.

A behavior reduction procedure in which the occurrence of a behavior is followed by an aversive stimulus.

A behavior reduction procedure in which a desired stimulus is removed or omitted if the unwanted behavior occurs.

An experimental chamber with two rectangular compartments. An animal may be required to move from one to the other to escape or avoid an aversive stimulus (ex: shock).

The puzzle about how the nonoccurrence of an aversive event can serve as a reinforcer for an avoidance response.

The theory that both classical conditioning (learning to fear stimulus) and operant conditioning (escape from fear-eliciting stimulus) are required for avoidance responding.

A theory of avoidance that states that avoidance of an aversive stimulus, such as a shock, can in itself serve as a reinforcer, and that the classical conditioning component of two-factor theory is not necessary.

An avoidance procedure in which shocks occur at regular intervals if the subject does not respond, but a response postpones the next shock for a fixed period of time.

Theory that avoidance responses will occur when the individual has expectations that 1. An aversive event will occur if no response is made.2. The aversive event will be avoided if a response is made.Avoidance responding will continue until one or both of these expectations are violated.

A behavioral reduction procedure in which the individual is physically prevented from making an unwanted response. In extinction of avoidance responding, response blocking can teach the individual that the avoidance response is no longer necessary.

A treatment for phobias in which a patient is presented with a highly feared object or situation which is not removed until the patient's fear diminishes.

An innate defensive reaction that occurs when an animal encounters any kind of new or sudden stimulus in the wild. Usually freezing, fleeing, or fighting.

Seligman's term for the impaired ability to learn an avoidance response that occurs after a subject has been exposed to inescapable aversive stimuli.

Seligman's term for the ability to think about potentially bad situations in positive ways.

Any procedure that leads to a slowing, reduction, or elimination of an unwanted behavior.

A behavior reduction procedure in which the individual is penalized by the loss of reinforcers if an undesired behavior occurs.

A design for behavioral teatment where each "A" phase is a baseline phase in which the patient's behavior is recorded but no treatment is given, and each "B" phase is a treatment phase.

A behavior reduction procedure in which the individual is required to make several repetitions of an alternate, more desirable behavior if an undesired behavior occurs.

A technique for reducing unwanted behaviors by using extinction combined with reinforcement of more desirable behaviors.

A behavior reduction procedure in which the reinforcer is presented in such great quantities that it loses its effectiveness.