Behaviorism
focus of this study involves observable events- stimuli and responses.
an example of traditional behaviorism is...
Pavlov's classical conditioning (pairing a a bell with food)
who wanted to find out if classical conditioning could be applied to children's behavior?
Watson
Watson's experiment of children's behavior and classical conditioning involved...
an infant in which he taught it to fear a neutral stimulus-a soft white rat- by presenting it several times with a sharp, loud sound.
another form of beharviorism is skinner's operant conditioning theory. What does this theory believe?
Skinner believed that "reinforcers" (food, praise, or a new toy) can increase a behavior or be decreased through "punishment" (disapproval or withdrawal of priveleges).
there are several kind of Social Learning Theories that emerged. What is the most influential one? by whom and when?
Albert Bandura (1977) emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.
example of albert bandura's theory with observational learning:
baby claps her hands after her mother does so, the child who angrily hits a playmate in the same way that he has been punished at home, and the teenager who wears the same clothes and hair-style as her friends are all displaying observational learning.
most recent revision of Bandura's emphasizes.
.. What does he call this?
on how children think of themselves and others. This is called social-cognitive.
Bandura's revision summed up:
children become more selective in what they imitate. the develop personal standards for behavior through what they have previously observed.
And they develop self-efficacy.
What is self-efficacy?
the belief that their own abilities and characteristics will help them succeed.
Behavior Modification
consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses.
T or F: Behavior modification is also effective in dealing with common everyday difficulties.
True: such as time management or biting your nails.
T or F: many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory offer too broad a view of environmental influences.
False: they believe it offers too narrow a view because behaviorism and social learning have been criticized for underestimating children's contribution to their own development.
Piaget's cognitive developmental theory
children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
Piaget did not believe that children's learning depended on ____.
reinforcers
what are the two main things Piaget claims about children?
children's understanding is different from adults and that preschooler's thinking is full of faulty logic that is later revised with time.
Piaget's stages of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), Formal Operational (11 and on)
Sensoritmotor (0-2)
infants "think" by acting on the world with their eyes, ears , hands, and mouth. with this, they find out ways to solve sensorimotor problems, like pulling a lever to hear music.
Preoperational (2-7)
preschool children use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries. development of language and make believe play takes place.
Concrete Operational (7-11)
Children's reasoning becomes logical and better organized. They realize that play dough is the same weight even if the appearance is altered. They organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. thinking is not yet abstract.
Formal Operational (11 and on)
abstract, systematic thinking in adolescents when faced with a problem or something else. they isolate and combine variables to see which inferences are confirmed. evaluate the logic of verbal statements w/out referring to real-world circumstances.
