H&S Ch. 9-11 – Behaviorism

-Exposed to "the James" -Initially studied children and mind-reading (non-verbal cue processing) -Intelligence of chickens --Kept in James' basement -Intelligence of cats and dogs --Escape from puzzle boxes -Advocated eugenics -Prolific writer

-Psychology - the study of S-R "connections" -Postulated two laws of learning --Law of effect --Law of exercise -Results from "puzzle box" experiments -Changed early childhood education dramatically --Tested the "Doctrine of Formal Discipline" --Teach specific qualities, not general disciplines -Developed an early intelligence test --"Intelligence Scale CAVD"

-Went to St. Petersburg U.

--Studied nervous system and digestion --Won Nobel Prize in physiology for work on digestion -Torn over vivisection -Pleasant but busy laboratory -Soviets admired his reputation and his materialism -Approved of "Behaviorism"

-Shifted "associationism" from subjective ideas to objective and quantifiable events -Discovered "psychical secretions" - later termed "conditional reflex" -Research on conditioning -Personality types and psychopathology

-Opened labs in Kazan and St. Petersburg lab -Neural localization of conditioning -Rival of Pavlov's -Extended Pavlov's work to muscles -Great organizer - not lab scientist -"Reflexology"

-Went to U of Chicago --Rats and other animals --Better research participants? --Influenced by Dewey, Loeb, and Angell -Commissioned into active duty --Aviation examination boards --Almost court-martialed -Rosalie Rayner --Forced out of Johns Hopkins -Went into business and marketing

-Editor of "Psychological Review" -"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it" -"Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology" -"Psychology From the Standpoint of a Behaviorist"

-Definition - objective study of behavior -Goal - explain behavior without appealing to mentalistic notions --"Discard all references to consciousness...

" --Rejection of structuralism and functionalism --Stimulus-response associationism -Methodology --Observation (with and without instruments) --Animal models

-Diminished human thinking --Implicit behavior -APA president 1916 -"Psychological Care of the Infant and Child" --Environmentalism --No emotional expressions were necessary - in fact, harmful -Baby Albert

-Ardent supporter of free will and other mental ideas --Instincts --"Hormic" psychology -A "Sane" behaviorist -Classic debate with Watson in Washington D.C.

-Exposed to Munsterberg, Titchener, McDougall, and Koffka -Started teaching at Northwestern then to UC Berkeley -Used mentalistic notions to explain behavior -Did not seek converts or disciples -Resisted McCarthy-style loyalty pledge at Berkeley

-Rats and Mazes -"Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men" -Molar over molecular behavior -Criticized "muscle-twitch" theory of thinking and speech -Learning was more than a series of S-R links -Learning vs performance

-Cognitive view of maze learning -Latent learning -Learning cannot be reduced to mere motor responses -Tolman and Honzik study -Intervening variables -Hypothesis testing model -Place theory vs response theory -Offered a major alternative to Hull's neo-behaviorism

-Harsh early life --Typhoid fever --Polio

-Psychology is a natural science -All behavior could be broken down to S-R bonds --Also used intervening variables, but not mentalistic ones -Studied aptitude testing -Studied hypnosis --32 papers and a book "Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach" -Comprehensive deductive learning theory -Model had four stages --Independent variables --Intervening variables (two stages) --Dependent variables -Strong mechanistic view of behavior -Dominated research in 30's and 40's

-Developed a "Skinner Box" -Several disappointing business ventures --Project pigeon --Baby tender (or air crib) --Teaching machines

-"The Behavior of Organisms" -Introduced the term "operant" to differentiate between his and Pavlov's form of conditioning -Introduced the concept "shaping" -"Beyond Freedom and Dignity" -Schedules of reinforcement --Fixed vs variable (time between reinforcements) --Ratio vs interval (# of responses between reinforcements) -"Verbal Behavior" --Speech comes from reinforcement --Shattered by Noam Chomsky

-Subject matter - behavior --Insisted behaviorism did "consider events taking place in the private world within the skin" --Method - experimentation --Single-subject designs -Research strategy --Environmental control --Non-statistical analysis of behavior --Atheoretical - theories are harmful

-Social-Cognitive Theory --Observational learning --Bobo doll study --Self-efficacy

-Social Learning Theory --Cognitive form of behaviorism (more so than Bandura) -Locus of Control

-Radical - Watson and Skinner -Methodological - Hull(?), Tolman, Bandura, Rotter, and others -Many today refer to themselves as behaviorists or cognitive/behaviorists