Controlling Idea
A central idea developed through a text and supported by specific details
Rhetoric
The art and study of the effective use of language
Ethos
An appeal to the credibility or reliability of the author
Evidence
Specific, relevant details that shape, refine, and clarify the central idea of a nonfiction text
Logos
An appeal to the audience's reason or logic
Pathos
An appeal to the audience's emotions
Rhetorical Appeals
Methods an author uses to affect an audience
What is the main goal of an expository text?
To discuss facts or explain the author's view of a topic
Opinion
The author's personal belief, presented without proof
Anecdote
A story or account of a personal experience that illustrates the central idea
Assertion
A statement about life or human behavior presented as fact but not proven as true
Expert Testimony
a quotation or summary of information from an individual, group, or organization that possesses expertise in a field
Statistic
A number, percentage, etc. that can be used to prove a statement
Amorphous
Having no definite shape
Beseech
To implore, to beg
Eminence
High rank or distinction
Perennial
Enduring
Precept
A command or rule about action or conduct
Slander
A false, malicious, injurious rumor about a person
Tedious
Long, boring, tiresome
Venerable
Deserving of respect because of old age, dignity, or wisdom
Mark Twain's "Advice to Youth" ridicules many of society's problems. It is an example of...
Satire
Parallelism
Expressing parts of a sentence using similar syntactical structures in order to show that the parts are related or equal in importance
Hyperbole
An exaggeration or overstatement used to emphasize a point or to get the audience's attention
Analogy
The comparison of two things that are alike in some way
Verbal Irony
A statement that says the opposite of what is meant, often for the purpose of humor
Alliteration
The repetition of beginning consonant sounds in words that are close together
Understatement
A statement that makes a situation seem less than what it is
What type of diction does the author use in "A Piece of Chalk"?
Picturesque
Critique
An essay or article that analyzes and criticizes a literary or nonfiction work
Substantiated
Supported by proof and evidence
Analytical Essay
An essay that examines and evaluates a topic or work
What are the "three special characteristics" of Dickinson's poetry that the critic examines?
-Capacity for feeling -Her dauntless courage in accepting life -"Penetrating sense of contrasts in human vicissitude"
What does an analysis involve?
Thinking critically about a work and evaluating it on a deeper level
What can be used as evidence in a literary analysis essay?
-Details from the text -Quotations from the text
What is the difference between a summary and a critique?
A summary is a short, objective retelling of the main idea and major details of a work; a critique examines a work's strengths and weaknesses and expresses an opinion about the work
What are the components of a procedural text?
-A list of materials -Graphics -A goal or aim -Expected results -Headings or subcategories -A list of instructions
What kind of language should be used in a procedural text?
Clear and concise, and second-person pronouns
What kind of information should you use in a job application e-mail?
-Your skills -Title of the position desired -Your contact information -Your background
What kind of communication (tone) should you use in an application e-mail to a hiring manager or recruiter?
Professional, polite, organized, and thorough
What kind of diction is used in "A Piece of Chalk"?
Picturesque and personal
What is the author's tone in "A Piece of Chalk"?
Pensive
What statement from "A Piece of Chalk" reflects the controlling idea of the text?
One of the wise and awful truths which this brown-paper art reveals, is this, that white is a colour
What are the five most common forms of nonfiction?
-Essays -Journals and letters -Media accounts -Articles -Autobiography, biography, and memior
What are the six most common organizational structures for nonfiction texts?
-Definition -Cause and effect -Description -Comparison and contrast -Process -Narration
What is the purpose of a persuasive/argumentative text?
To attempt to convince a reader to think or act a certain way using evidence and reasons
What is the purpose of a descriptive text?
To employ the five sense to create mental images for the reader
What is the purpose of a expository/informational text?
To explain or interpret information
What is the purpose of a narrative text?
To tell a true story about people, places, things, or events
What is the purpose of a procedural text?
To give steps for solving a problem or completing a task
Lark
A type of songbird
Temperate
Showing moderation or self-control
What are the most common types of expository texts?
-Analysis -Sequence -Definition -Cause and effect -Compare and contrast
Cryptic
Mysterious, puzzling
Aesthetic
Pertaining to a sense of beauty
Poignant
Keenly affecting the emotions
Austere
Severe
Vicissitude
Change or variation
Assuage
To make less severe; to relieve
Renown
Widespread praise