CSET: Subtest 1: History & Social Science

gatherers contribute more calories to fill daily needs than hunters, although hunters contributions celebrated (feast)

12,000 years ago: Fertile Crescent (TIgris & Euphrates rivers & Middle East) & Nile (Eygpt)

2000BCE: Sumeria, Babylonia, Assyria (Mes.) & Egypt & Kush (AFrica)

Geography influences economy (trade, etc.) Social Structures of Society (group size, fam. structure) Religious & Political Life

B. 500 BCE. incorporated principles of older chinese thinking into confucionism

Concept of respect: one must respect one's parents & family, govt & rulers, live upright as a sign of self-respect. Supported by China's rulers

Built on existing concepts of yin & yang, the complementary polarities of all existence, in formulating mystical philosophy of Taosim

The essence of Tao is balance (yin/yang): one must strive to be aware of the order and harmony of all existence and to live in accordance with it. Only in balance and harmony can one live a successful life.

India: Prince born who rejected destiny & embarked on mission to discover sources of human suffering. Taught primary source of suffering is failure to control one's desires.

incorporates elements from other religions, including karma & reincarnation (Hinduism) and a belief in the possibility of Enlightenment & being freed from the cycle of birth-death-rebirth

a fate that is earned

rebirth after death

religious stories

Greek city known for philosophers & artists

preeminent military and athletic center of Ancient Greece.

conquered Greece 500 yrs after founding of Rome & incorporated Greek mythology & culture to Rome's.

529CE (AD): considered to be the basis for justice systems in use throughout much of the Western World.

in ancient Babylon, predated Justinian Code by 2000 years. First known written legal code.

dominant system of the medieval period: social, economic & political system in which power is decentralized, and varying numbe rof lords hold land, or fiefs, on which they allow other sto work.

"the Prophet" born 570CE in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Wrote his revelations in the Koran

founded by Muhammad. holy book = koran. monotheistic religion, accepts both Christian & Jewish texts as par of its tradition.

series of invasions by Europeans in the middle east starting in 1100

feudal lord in feudal japan (12c CE) to 15th c.

equicalent of a medieval European King (12CE-15CE) in feudal Japan

code of knights in Japan

1215 King John of England signs the Magna Carta under duress. The king consents to be restrained by the rule of law. Considered the foundation of the English Common Law system that followed it, and also for the American Constitution (esp. the 5th & 6th ammend).

1450 First book printed on printing press

1517 uses printing press to widely distribute his protests against the Church and its practices. Led to formation of Protestant churches, religious wars in Europe, & emigration to New World by Protestant sects

thru lens of discovery or invention note wars and powerful people: causes & effects Human Migration: causes (natural events, human events) & consequences

Florida & South, from present day Mexico to South America.

North America's East Coast, looking for river routes (NW Pasage).

17-19c. Increased literacy among European people led to an explosion of activity in the areas of science and philosphy, focusing on the phsycial world and our place in it. (Isaac Newton, Descartes, Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke, Hume) Led to American and French Revolution.

Emphasized the use of reason, focused on experience and the observable, rather than on principles and speculation; storngly believed in the ability of reasonable people to achieve progress, even perfectibility, in human institutions. Used the scientific method. Blind submission to authority in no-one's best interest

the practice of state regulation and control of the enconomy in an attempt to insure and increase prosperity. Evolved into capitalism.

Individuals, not the state, control the means of production (eg factories). The workers who provide the labor receive a wage for their work.

Marx believed that capitlaism = feudal serfdom. @ Socialism: believed that workers should control the means of production and share in the profits of their labor. Socialism evolved into Communish

The state controls the means of production and distributes the profits, ostemsibly for the benefit of the people. Communist governements extend state control into social and political realms as well.

think about ec. issues in terms of "cost=benefit"; what is gained, by whom; and what is lost or sacrified and by whom. -think in terms of supply/demand

if supply is greater than demand, the value of a product is lower; if demand is greater than supply, the value is higher.

The forming of the US

Portugese sailing for Spain; first to circumnavigate the globe (his ship did; he died on the journey)

France sent him to look for a NW passage thru Canada: He found the Great Lakes

English sailor: 2nd to circumnavigate the globe.

Jamestown Virginia 1607

1620: fleeing religious persecution

"THose who conquer" Spanish explorers

Conquistador: leads overland expedition thru Panama to find the Pacific Ocean in 1513.

Central Mexico: Empire: Ruled from capital city of Tenochtitlan: good defense position @ middle of lake. Complex culture. Tribute from neighboring peoples. Sun God. Human Sacrifice. Moncteuzma saw arrival of Cortes as a divine occurance: mistake to let him in the city.

first real conquistador: conquered the Aztecs around 1521

One of the great Amerindian civ. pre-Columbian era. Extended from equator to Chile, between Andes mountains and Pacific ocean. terraced steep mountainsides. system of roads; established trade along coasts.

Born in Spain. Settled in Panama in 1520. Conquered Inca Empire with fewer than 200 men (ag. 40,000 warriors) within 5 years.

Amerindian Empire, pre-Columbian period. More widely dispersed than the other two. Enormous empire already splintered prior to arrival of conquistadors. Like Aztecs, built terraced pyramids, utilized mutlple calendars. Discovered "zero" before Europeans. Peaked several hundred years prior to arrival of Spanish. Wide geographical range, therefore could not be conquered all at once

search for economic opportunity freedom of religion adventure. Generally, those seeking freedom of religion settled in the North, those seeking economic gain settled further south.

Jamestown, Virginia settled 1607. Virginia remains cultural epicenter of South until well after independence. 1634: King grants Maralyand to Calvert family (for Catholics). 1649 Lord Baltimore opens colony to all 1649 Maryland Toleration Act of 1649: reduces relig. discrimination Note that Georgia founded in 1633 as buffer ag. Spanish in Florida by bringing debtors from prisons.