Chapter Quizzes 1-16

The Wilmot Proviso of 1846 proposed that

As the battle over the expansion of slavery intensified in the 1840s, Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed the doctrine of "popular sovereignty," a measure that would allow

To reunite their party, the Whig strategy in the presidential campaign of 1848 was to nominate a

When Zachary Taylor became president in 1849, he enraged Southerners by

The Compromise of 1850

The Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of 1850,

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) influenced Northerners' attitudes toward slavery

In 1853, the United States negotiated the Gadsden Purchase in order to

In 1854, Stephen A. Douglas sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act and included a section repealing the Missouri Compromise because

As a result of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act, the

The American Party, or Know-Nothings, appeared in the mid-1850s as

The common thread that wove together northern men into the Republican Party in 1854 was their

When the first territorial legislature in Kansas met, it

John Brown's leadership of a massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, led to

Preston Brooks's caning of Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner in 1856

In the 1857 Dred Scott decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

In the mid-1850s, Abraham Lincoln's search for a political home was based on his

While Abraham Lincoln espoused a typical racial attitude for a white man of his day, he personally believed that slavery

Abraham Lincoln understood that humanitarian concerns for black people would not motivate Northerners to fight to keep slavery out of the territories, so he promoted the "free labor" concept by asserting that the territories were

In his 1857 campaign for reelection to the U.S. Senate, Illinois Democrat Stephen Douglas needed to overcome several challenges, including

When proslavery forces in Lecompton, Kansas, drafted a proslavery constitution in 1857 that many felt was fraudulent, Stephen A. Douglas

As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates,

When reflecting on John Brown's raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, most Northerners

. In 1860, Democrats meeting to choose a presidential candidate in Charleston, South Carolina, wound up

n the national crisis surrounding the presidential election of 1860, southern moderates refused to support the more radical members of the Democratic Party clamoring for a federal slave code. Instead, they

In 1860, the increasingly confident Republican Party

Abraham Lincoln became the Republican candidate for president in the election of 1860 because

After Lincoln's election, the vote to secede from the Union came first from

As the secession crisis loomed over the final weeks of the presidential administration of James Buchanan, his response was to

In his first inaugural address, Abraham Lincoln was

When the Civil War began, most Northerners viewed it as

On March 4, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln delivered an inaugural address in which he revealed his strategy to avoid disunion; that strategy was to

In 1861, armed hostilities between the North and South began officially with

The border states of Missouri and Kentucky did not formally secede from the Union, but in these areas

Typically, Northerners viewed secession as

Southerners believed they had a real chance of winning the Civil War based on

When considering the wartime leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, a central irony emerges in that

The first battle at Manassas (or Bull Run) in July 1861 is significant because it

At the end of 1862, the eastern theater of the Civil War

The conflict between the Merrimack and the Monitor

Initially the Confederacy sought King Cotton diplomacy, a strategy based on the belief that

When the Civil War broke out, President Lincoln chose not to make the conflict a struggle over slavery because he

In March 1862, Congress tilted toward emancipating slaves when it

On July 17, 1862, Congress adopted a second Confiscation Act, legislation that

Abraham Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation

Among free black men of fighting age in the North,

From the beginning, the Confederacy faced formidable odds in pursuing its bid for independence; it had to succeed in

Despite their ideological commitment to states' rights and limited government, Confederate leaders

Aside from leading to the legal destruction of slavery, the Civil War itself helped destroy slavery in practice

White Southerners' greatest fear regarding their slaves during the Civil War was that they would

Slaves increasingly used the chaos and turmoil of the Civil War to whittle away at their bondage by

In 1862, the Homestead Act

While the North's industrial production boomed during the Civil War, the working class there found that

Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton are both known for their Civil War efforts as

President Lincoln's efforts to stifle opposition to the war

What poor northern men found especially galling about the new draft law of 1863 was that

Under Grant's leadership, the war shifted in favor of the North and the Union armies

The seige of Vicksburg in July 1863

In strict military terms, the battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863

After his victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant

. In 1864, when General William T. Sherman stated that he intended to "make Georgia howl," he was gearing up for

President Lincoln's determination to hold elections in 1864 is particularly noteworthy because

By the waning months of the war, Confederate soldiers were demoralized because

General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant near Appomattox Court House in Virginia on April 9, 1865,

The Civil War affected the United States by

In the decades after 1820, the most important factor dividing the North and the South was

After 1820, what caused slavery to become more vigorous and profitable, which in turn increased the South's political power?

The growth in the southern slave population between 1790 and 1869 occurred primarily because of

Southern whites of all classes were unanimous in their commitment to

Initially, the white South defended slavery as a "necessary evil"; eventually, however, southern intellectuals began to argue that slavery was

The effect of the institution of slavery on southern society was that

According to historians, a planter in the antebellum South may be distinguished from a farmer by virtue of his

Louisiana was dominated by plantations that cultivated

Before the Civil War, the southern economy was based on agriculture; the North developed a mixed economy based on

Prior to the Civil War, why did the South remain agriculturally based instead of diversifying its economy?

Because the South lacked economic diversity,

As late as 1850, there were no statewide public school systems in the South because

Plantation owners often described the master-slave relationship in terms of "paternalism,"

As the price of slaves continued to rise, masters began to treat their slaves marginally better because

Plantation mistresses were like slaves in that their husbands

The southern lady has been idealized in history; in reality

As a system, slavery by 1860 was

When slaves became elderly, they

There were several advantages to being a house servant in the old South; for instance, house servants

Central to slave life was the importance slaves placed on

Planters in the nineteenth century promoted Christianity in the slave quarters because

Among the ways slaves reacted to their bondage was

A widespread form of protest that particularly angered masters was

Which of the following restrictions were placed on the 260,000 free blacks by 1860?

Open slave revolts were uncommon in the South because

In 1860, the largest number of white Southerners

Upcountry yeomen, who lived in the hills and mountains,

At the bottom of the social scale in the South were poor whites, who

Southern plain folk, whether they lived upcountry or in the flatlands,

In the nineteenth century, southern politics were democratized, which meant that

In attempting to establish a reconstruction policy after the Civil War,

Pardons granted to rebel soldiers under the terms of Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction were important in that they

Members of Congress hoped Lincoln would not veto the Wade-Davis Bill because they wanted to

Ex-slaves believed that ownership of land

"Sherman land" and the establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

Following emancipation, many ex-slaves aspired to

Some ex-slaves who had formerly worshiped in biracial Methodist churches joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church, an all-black church from the North, because

Reformers were shocked by President Andrew Johnson's quick reconstruction of ex-Confederate states because

Although Andrew Johnson had left the Democratic Party before becoming president, he seemed more a Democrat than a Republican as president because

Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans both promised reconciliation and the rapid restoration of civil government in the South; they also shared an emphasis on

During the Reconstruction era, southern black codes

The black codes were essentially an attempt to

The Civil Rights Act of 1866

The Fourteenth Amendment dealt with voting rights for blacks by

The voting rights provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment proved a major disappointment to

The impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson

The Fifteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment that prohibited states from depriving citizens of the right to vote on the basis of their "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

The Ku Klux Klan developed into a paramilitary organization, but it began as

As new constitutions were ratified in the South in the late 1860s, local and state Republican governments focused on

The system of agricultural labor that emerged after 1865 often pitted ex-slaves and their expectations for freedom against former slave masters who wanted to restore the plantation system. In this struggle,

The system under which farmers rented small pieces of land, paid their rent with a portion of their crops, and were provided mules and tools by their landlord was known as

President Ulysses S. Grant's administration saw

When southern Republicans pleaded with Congress for federal protection from the racism and violence of the Ku Klux Klan, Congress

Supreme Court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely

In the Slaughterhouse cases (1873) and in United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the Supreme Court

By the early 1870s, the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866

Redeemers were

By the early 1870s, Democrats had adopted a two-pronged strategy to defeat the Republicans. That strategy consisted of

In the presidential election of 1876,

In the Compromise of 1877,

The Compromise of 1877 essentially

Congressional reconstruction did not meet all of its goals, but among those it did meet were

Washington was elected president unanimously and gained the admiration of many Americans primarily because

Washington chose which of the following men to be his secretary of the treasury?

In response to promises that had been made in order to obtain ratification of the Constitution, James Madison drew up the

Which of the following was significantly omitted from the Bill of Rights?

In the new republic, traditional gender relations

American cotton production underwent a real boom in the late 1790s because of

Alexander Hamilton publicly claimed that rolling the old certificates of debt into new government bonds would

To restore faith in the credit of the federal government, Hamilton proposed

The federal government's decision to move its permanent home from Philadelphia to Washington D.C. came as a result of

The main purpose of the moderate tariff that Hamilton proposed in his Report on Manufactures was to

The Whiskey Rebellion

To meet the interest payments on the national debt under his consolidation ("assumption") plan, Alexander Hamilton convinced Congress to pass

In response to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, President Washington

Alexander Hamilton viewed the Whiskey Rebellion as a(n)

In 1794, General Anthony Wayne's defeat of the Indians at Fallen Timbers resulted in

Which of the following goods offered to the Indians under the Treaty of Greenville was the most detrimental to the tribes?

What was President Washington's first reaction to the war between England and France that began in 1793?

Which of the following best describes American sentiment regarding the English-French struggle in 1793?

How did the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804 affect white Americans?

The first signs of distinct rival U.S. political groups appeared

In his farewell address, President Washington spoke for a "unified body politic" and against

In the 1796 presidential election, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

In the election of 1796, a procedural flaw resulted in the election of political rivals as president and vice president; this flaw was

. During President Adams's one term in office, Vice President Jefferson

In the fall of 1797, in order to avert a war with France, President Adams

X, Y, and Z were the code names for

The basic intent of the two Alien Acts passed by Congress was to

The Sedition Act targeted mainly

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions put forth the novel idea that

In the election of 1800,

As the presidential election of 1800 played out in the House of Representatives, Federalist Alexander Hamilton supported Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr because

The alleged plot by Gabriel, a 24-year-old slave, to stage a slave rebellion led white Virginians to

Thomas Jefferson made it a point to dress in plain, casual clothing to

According to Thomas Jefferson, the source of true freedom in America was the

President Jefferson believed that a properly limited federal government

In his last weeks as president in 1801, John Adams appointed his famous "midnight judges" as a way to

The most lasting effect of Marbury v. Madison (1803) was

Events in the Louisiana Territory in 1802 alerted the United States to a potential national security problem, as

The exploration of the Spanish and Indian territory west of the Mississippi River by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark was successful in

The Embargo Act of 1807 was passed by Congress to

The Embargo Act of 1807 affected the United States by

Under the leadership of Dolley Madison, the White House

Women in early nineteenth-century Washington, D.C., played an important role in political circles

In negotiating the Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, William Henry Harrison angered the Shawnee chief Tecumseh by

The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

War Hawks were young congressmen who

The war with Great Britain declared by Congress in 1812 was

When British soldiers entered Washington, D.C., in 1814, they

While Andrew Jackson's defeat of the British at New Orleans cemented his status as a military hero, what he did not know at the time was that

The Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812

The group that suffered the greatest losses in the War of 1812 was the

When faced with the opportunity to rewrite the laws of domestic relations, state legislatures generally

By 1820, divorce in the United States

Jemima Wilkinson was an exhorting woman; specifically, she

James Tallmadge Jr.'s amendments to the Missouri statehood bill of 1819 were controversial because their ultimate effect would have been to

In the Adams-Onís Treaty, the United States obtained from Spain the territory of

In 1823, President James Monroe issued what became known as the Monroe Doctrine, a statement that the Americas

The presidential election of 1824 was complicated by

The presidential election of 1824 was notable because it was the last

U.S. involvement in the War of 1812 encouraged economic growth in the

Funding for transportation improvements in America between 1815 and 1840 came mostly from

The most horrifying hazard faced by people traveling on steamboats in the early nineteenth century was

Steamboats had a detrimental effect on the environment because they

Canals were an important innovation in the early nineteenth century because

Employees of early textile mills in New England were

For workers in early Massachusetts factories, wages were

In the economy of Jacksonian America, bankers

Lawyers of the 1820s and 1830s created the legal foundation for an economy that gave priority to

Because of their distrust of the economic elite, Andrew Jackson and many of his followers wanted to

In large measure, the panic! of 1819 occurred as a result of

Between 1828 and 1836, the second American party system took shape; it

An important transition in American politics took place during the Jacksonian era as

One of the key elements in the political landscape of Jacksonian America was the upsurge of universal white male suffrage,

After 1828, political leaders considered the development of political parties to be

Andrew Jackson set an important political precedent when he selected his cabinet by

As president, Andrew Jackson favored

In 1830, President Jackson convinced Congress to pass legislation that

In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court ruled that the

The infamous Trail of Tears was

In support of the doctrine of nullification, South Carolina's leader pointed to

A compelling reason underlying South Carolina's argument for nullification in 1828 was that

Henry Clay wanted to force the issue of the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States before the presidential election of 1832 because he hoped to

As a result of his lopsided win in the election of 1832, Andrew Jackson tried to

A positive effect of the economic turmoil of Jackson's second administration was that from 1835 to 1837, for the first and only time in U.S. history,

After 1815, the idea of separate spheres and separate duties for men and women was strengthened by the fact that

The spread of public schools in the 1820s and 1830s made education more accessible to students and affected teaching by

A typical pattern for boys not remaining on the farm in the 1820s and 1830s was to

The Second Great Awakening

The leading exemplar of the Second Great Awakening, Charles Grandison Finney, insisted that

Alcohol consumption in America in the decades up to 1830 was

By 1845, the American Temperance Union and other temperance advocates

The nationally circulated Advocate of Moral Reform was a

One of the most radical reform movements of the 1830s was the

In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison launched

Relatively few white Northerners got involved in the campaign to eradicate slavery because

One of the precipitating causes of the panic! of 1837 was

In the presidential election of 1836, three Whig candidates ran against Democrat Van Buren

Van Buren pushed for an independent treasury system, funded by government deposits, which would

High rates of voter participation continued into the 1840s and 1850s because

Angelina Grimké, Sarah Grimké, and Maria Stewart, women lecturers who conveyed a powerful antislavery message, encountered hostility in the North because

Andrew Jackson Home State

John C. Calhoun Home State

Martin Van Buren Home State

Henry Clay Home State

John Quincy Adams Home State

One of the factors that fueled economic growth in the United States during the mid-1800s was

During the 1840s and 1850s, U.S. factories were able to become more productive because

The population increased greatly in Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois between 1830 and 1860 because

Agricultural productivity in the Midwest increased in the late 1830s partly because of

Unlike European manufacturers in the first half of the nineteenth century, American manufacturers were spurred to invent labor-saving methods and devices because

The growth of railroads in the 1850s

The free-labor ideal affected attitudes toward education in mid-nineteenth century America because

The free-labor ideal of the 1840s and 1850s

Which of the following were among the reasons why immigrants left their homelands for the United States in the 1840s and 1850s?

In contrast to the Germans, Irish immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s often

In 1845, New York journalist and armchair expansionist John L. O'Sullivan coined the term manifest destiny, by which he meant that

The idea of manifest destiny gained considerable support because of

The increasing number of white settlers traveling west in wagon trains during the mid-1800s brought devastation to the Plains Indians because whites

Migration to Oregon

Mexico's northern borderlands were vulnerable to American expansionists partly because

Migrants who settled on the Texas land granted to Stephen F. Austin by Mexico in the 1820s were

In 1830, Mexico outlawed the introduction of additional slaves in Texas because

Texans gained their independence from Mexico in 1836

Why did Congress refuse to annex Texas into the Union?

The dominant issue in the 1844 presidential election campaigns was

How was President Polk able to add Oregon to U.S. holdings?

When Mexico refused the Polk administration's offer to buy Mexico's northern territories, the reaction of the United States was to

President Polk directed the war with Mexico personally; his strategy to win the war was

President Polk's battle strategy misfired because

The Mexican-American War ended with the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which Mexico

In the late 1840s and early 1850s massive numbers of immigrants poured into California seeking

The Gold Rush created a social environment that was

In addition to some miners, the gold rush in California benefited

Members of the Oneida community

The convention at Seneca Falls in 1848 advocated

By 1860 women's rights advocates succeeded in achieving

. Abolitionists in the 1840s and 1850s made their issue more attractive to white Northerners by promoting

In 1843, Henry Highland Garnet advocated

In 1855, African American leaders saw their most notable success to date when

Behind the scenes, Harriet Tubman and other free blacks helped fugitive slaves escape from the South

The most important change in eighteenth-century colonial America was

In eighteenth-century America, the main sources of population growth and diversity were

In the eighteenth century, the majority of immigrants coming to America were

The colonial economy in the eighteenth century was unique because

By 1770, New Englanders had only one-fourth as much wealth as free colonists in the South, in large part because

The commercial economy of New England was dominated by

Why were there so few slaves in New England during the eighteenth century?

Many Germans and Scots-Irish without passage money arrived in Philadelphia as "redemptioners," who were

Which colony was known as "the best poor Man's Country in the World"?

In the middle colonies of the eighteenth century, slaves

An early Pennsylvania policy encouraging settlement was

A result of the comparatively high standard of living in rural Pennsylvania and the surrounding middle colonies between 1720 and 1770 was that

The dominant group in eighteenth-century Philadelphia society in terms of wealth and political power was

Poor Richard's Almanack mirrored the beliefs of its Pennsylvania readers in its glorification of

The defining feature of the southern colonies in the eighteenth century was

In which southern colony did the black population outnumber the white population almost two to one?

The huge increase in the slave population in the South during the second half of the eighteenth century can be attributed to

Southern planters tended to buy newly arrived Africans in small groups because

A "country-born" slave was one who

The purpose of "seasoning" slaves was to

Southern masters preferred black slaves over white indentured servants because

The Stono rebellion proved that eighteenth-century slaves

As the eighteenth century progressed, tobacco, rice, and indigo made the southern colonies

In the eighteenth century, the Southern slaveholding gentry dominated

An increased supply of items such as tobacco and sugar in eighteenth-century colonial America led to

The increasing presence of English goods in the colonial market in the eighteenth century

In colonial America, deists

The Great Awakening can best be described as a(n)

In addition to their competition for land, colonial settlers and Indians engaged in conflicts over

Colonial governors had difficulty gaining the trust and respect of influential colonists because

The Seven Years' War resulted from

The Albany Plan of Union, as proposed by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson, was

The representatives of the Iroquois Nation at the Albany Congress

The turning point of the Seven Years' War was most likely William Pitt's

The terms of the Treaty of Paris included

As a result of the Seven Years' War,

The Seven Years' War taught colonists that

What effect did the Seven Years' War have on England's national debt?

After the Seven Years' War, the Earl of Bute decided to keep several thousand British troops in America, ostensibly to

The Proclamation of 1763 was meant to

The Proclamation of 1763 was also meant to

Growing colonial resentment of British authority during the 1760s could be attributed to

In 1764, in an effort to generate income for England, George Grenville initiated the

An important difference between the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act was that the latter

George Grenville claimed that Americans had "virtual representation" because

The Virginia Resolves suggested that

The Virginia Resolves, authored by Patrick Henry of Virginia, were a response to the

The Stamp Act of 1765

The Sons of Liberty, protestors against the Stamp Act, organized a large demonstration that showed colonists

American opposition to the Stamp Act took the form of

In response to the colonial reaction to the Stamp Act, the British government

The Declaratory Act showed Britain's refusal to compromise on Parliament's power to tax because it

As chancellor of the exchequer in 1767, Charles Townshend

In 1767, Charles Townshend enacted the Revenue Act, which

The Revenue Act of 1767

Many women demonstrated their patriotism during the anti-British boycott by

Mounting tensions between Bostonians and British soldiers in early 1770 led to the Boston Massacre,

Which of the following statements best characterizes the Boston Massacre of March 5, 1770?

John Adams, cousin of Samuel Adams, represented British captain Thomas Preston and his soldiers who were involved in the Boston Massacre to

In the early 1770s, several incidents brought the colonies' conflict with England into sharp focus, including the

The Gaspée incident of 1772 caused many towns in Massachusetts and in other colonies to set up a communications network of standing committees known as

According to the British, the major purpose of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

Dissenting colonists believed that the real goal of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

Bostonian reaction to the Tea Act culminated in December of 1773 with the

The Coercive Acts, passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts, included

The Quebec Act affronted many Americans because it

The Coercive Acts (or Intolerable Acts) spread alarm among the colonists, who feared that

Delegates to the First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress created the Continental Association, whose purpose was to

Early in 1775, as royal authority collapsed in Massachusetts, General Thomas Gage

General Gage planned a surprise attack on an ammunition storage site in Concord

The first shot at Lexington was fired by

Following the battles of Lexington and Concord, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation

The Daughters of Liberty urged women to participate in public affairs and protest the Townshend duties by

About a month after the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, delegates from all of the colonies met to discuss their course of action at the

The initial goal of the Second Continental Congress was to

In 1775, most of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress remained reluctant to break with Britain because they

Continental dollars were

The battle of Bunker Hill

When George Washington took control of the Continental army, he found

The Olive Branch Petition of July 1775

The author of the radical pamphlet Common Sense

Revisions to the Declaration of Independence included those made by GA and SC, which removed

When New York delegates endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 15, 1776, it meant that

One of the main obstacles the British army faced in the Revolutionary War was

The British goal in fighting the war in America was to

In order to raise the necessary troops for the Continental army, the congress

Women served in the Continental army by

As manpower needs in the Continental army increased,

One of the many weaknesses of the Continental army was that

The American strategy in the war with Britain was to

The British strategy in the war in America was to

The American goal of capturing Montreal and Quebec early in the war

In one of the early battles of the war, the battle of Long Island,

The Continental army enjoyed its first victory over the British on Christmas night in 1776, when the Americans

The most visible and dedicated loyalists (also called Tories by their enemies) were

During the Revolutionary War, Indian tribes

Treasonable acts, as defined by state laws in 1775 and 1776, included

During the Revolution, the Continental Congress and various states issued paper money, which resulted in

Well into the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress was forced to procure supplies and labor and to pay soldiers by

When British troops under General Howe captured Philadelphia in September 1777, the British government

Continental army morale during the winter of 1777-78 was

Relationships between Americans and Indians during the Revolutionary War were increasingly characterized by

Burgoyne's defeat at the battle of Saratoga was a decisive moment in the Revolutionary War because it

After the American victory at Saratoga, France allied with the Americans because it

In their campaign in the South, beginning in 1778, the British

In the final phases of the Revolutionary War, the British

News of Benedict Arnold's treason

After Gates's defeat and Arnold's treason,

After Cornwallis achieved the upper hand in Virginia, the picture changed dramatically because

The most decisive factor in ending the Revolutionary War at Yorktown was

By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783,

For the Indians, the peace that began in 1783

The British lost the Revolutionary War partly because

Under the Articles of Confederation, the confederation government lacked

Under the Articles of Confederation,

The Articles of Confederation were finally approved in 1781 when all the states agreed to surrender their

Most of the new states spelled out their citizens' rights and liberties in written contracts because

A shared feature of all the state constitutions drawn up during the American Revolution was

In devising their new constitutions, most states

Virginia's constitution was the first to

Writers of the new state constitutions believed that voting requirements should

Which state allowed free blacks and women to vote in the early years of the republic?

Some states were reluctant to include "equality language" in their bills of rights and constitutions because

In the quarter century after 1775, legislatures provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery in

Factors leading to the postwar depression that began in the mid-1780s included

Robert Morris proposed to increase the revenue of the confederation government by

In the land ordinances of 1784 and 1785, Congress

Under the Ordinance of 1785's guidelines for land sales in the Northwest Territory, land would be sold

The most serious obstacle to settlement in the Northwest Territory was

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Shays's Rebellion of 1786 was the result of

Massachusetts responded to Shays's Rebellion with a

The major legacy of Shays's Rebellion was

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 generally

The fundamental issue raised at the Constitutional Convention was

At the Constitutional Convention, the proposal to create a two-chamber legislature, with representation in both houses based on each state's population, was known as the

The major objection to the Virginia Plan by the smaller states at the Constitutional Convention was

The New Jersey Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention

The Constitutional Convention deadlocked over the issue of

As a part of the Great Compromise, delegates at the Philadelphia convention agreed

At the Philadelphia convention, which of the following was the compromise reached on the issue of who counted as population for the purpose of deciding representation?

When the Constitution was drafted, slavery was

In a new distinction between democracy and republicanism, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

To create a presidency out of the reach of direct democracy, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

Before the Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified

The Constitution most clearly shifted the balance of power in favor of

Pro-Constitution forces called themselves

The first state to ratify the Constitution was

Antifederalists were united mainly by

Antifederalism in New York centered on

The authors of the series of essays known as The Federalist Papers originally wrote them

In essay number 10 of The Federalist, James Madison maintained that the constitutional government would

The core of Antifederalists' opposition to the Constitution centered on

Which of the following does not accuarately describe the work of a historian?

though ancient americans lacked writing skills they

modern archaeologists study ancient peoples by

although the exact time people began migrating to Noth America is debated by experts, the first migrants probably arrived

after their arrival in the western hemisphere, paleo-indians migrated to the southern tip of south america and virtually everywhere else in the western hemisphere within approximately

about 11,000 years ago the paleo-indians faced a major crisis because

the apparent uniformity of the big-game-oriented clovis culture was replaced by great cultural diversity in the last eleven millenia because people devoted more energy to

in 1492, native american cultures were

archaic indians who hunted the bison herds of the great plains were

the most important source of food for archaic peoples inhabiting the great basin was

the primary reason native people in california remained hunter and gatehrers for hundreds of years after europeans arrived int he western hemisphere was that

the cultures of the archaic peoples of the eastern woodland were shaped by their

which of the following imporatnt changes occurred among the woodland cultures around 4000 bp

corn became a food crop for southwestern cultures around

hohokam settlements utilized irrigation canals

multistory cliff dwelling and puevlos are residential atructures associated with the

anasazi culture disappeared

burial mounds and chiefdoms are associated with

archaeologists believe that the first ancient woodlan moun builders were organized into cheifdoms because

the analysis of grave goods in burial mounds at hopewell sites shows that in this chiefdom at least

cahokia near present day st. louis missouri was

scholars speculate that hopewell culture declined

at the time of columbu's arrival in the new world the population of native americans in north america is prudently estimated to have been

in 1492 the population density of north america was

tha athapascan tribes mainly apache and navajo were

around the time europeans arrived in the new world most native americans obtained much of their food

the greatest similarity among the many tribes that inhabited orth america at the dawn of european colonizatio was that

in ad 1492 the empire of the mexica

the group that held the most exalted position in mexican society was

the mexica used an extensive tribute system to redistribute wealth from

The government of which country sponsored Christopher Columbus's 1492 exploration?

While it was catastrophic that the bubonic plague killed about a third of Europe's population, it was beneficial in that it one major long-term consequence is that it

Factors that encouraged exploration and territorial expansion included

The first European nation to attempt to break the Italian monopoly on trade with the Far East in the fifteenth century was

The most influential advocate of Portuguese exploration was

Which of the following countries first navigated a sea route from Europe to Asia?

A sea route to Asia impacted Europe in important ways, greatly influencing exploration and

When Columbus first arrived in the New World, he believed he was in

When Columbus returned to Spain in 1493 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand were

The Tainos shared which of the following traits with the Europeans?

If you were a statesman in the early to mid-1500s and followed the news of Columbus, you might argue that his most important contribution was

The Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal in 1494

John Cabot was sponsored by the English monarch to search for a "Northwest Passage" to the Indies. Which area did he manage to reach and claim for England?

The Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvars Cabral accidentally made landfall on the coast of

In the early 1500s, Martin Waldseemüller was among the very first to understand that

Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe left no doubt that America was separated from Asia by an enormous ocean. His voyage

The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas between the New World and Europe is referred to as the

Contact and trade between the peoples of the Old and New Worlds

Hernán Cortés's dominance over Mexico was most significant because it

A fourteen-year-old Indian girl named Malinali provided invaluable assistance to Hernán Cortés by

Hernán Cortés was eventually able to defeat the Mexicans in 1521 by enlisting the help of

In 1517, Martin Luther publicized his criticism of the Catholic Church. The theological differences between Luther and the Catholic Church centered on

The grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain became King Charles I in 1516. He and his successors used the wealth of New Spain to

The first permanent European settlement within what would become the United States was

The deaths of millions of Indians affected Spain

Like many other European colonies in the New World, New Spain developed a pattern of social organization in which

A new social class was made up of children who were born in the Spanish New World to parents who had emigrated from Spain, referred to as

The gender and number of Spanish settlers in New Spain created a society in which

Between 1492 and 1592, the approximately 225,000 Spaniards who settled in the colonies were made up primarily of

After 1540, the most important economic activity in New Spain from the Spanish viewpoint was

King James's land grant to the Virginia Company of over 6 million acres and everything they might contain was in essence a(n)

Only 38 of the 144 Englishmen who made the first voyage to what would become Jamestown, Virginia, survived the first year. This high mortality rate is explained primarily by

Powhatan and his people were suspicious of English intentions because the colonists

The majority of the original settlers who came to Jamestown and the Virginia colony were

Compared to the Spanish colonists in the New World in the sixteenth century, the English of the Virginia Company

The Virginia colony in 1607 could have better survived had the colonists

Because of the success of the Virginia colony, Powhatan's people

King James revoked the Virginia Company charter and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624. Factors contributing to this decision included

The crop that turned Virginia into a stable colony was

If you wanted to become a highly profitable tobacco farmer in the 1600s in Virginia, the biggest obstacle you were most likely to face was

Most hired workers

A servant labor system in the British colonies was created by

After a servant served his or her indenture, an employer was required to give him or her

Indentured servants tended to be

Indentured servants could have their servitude extended by years if they

Masters in the Chesapeake were so hungry for labor that they

Lord Baltimore received 6.5 million acres in the Chesapeake region and created the colony of Maryland as a refuge for Catholics;

The term yeoman planter refers to a

The decline in the price of tobacco in the third quarter of the seventeenth century contributed to the

Mercantilism was a(n

Bacon's Rebellion erupted in 1676 as a dispute over Indian policy and ended as a conflict between

Nathaniel Bacon distressed the royal government and the elite planters of Virginia because his demands

After Bacon's death,

The Spanish colonial outposts in New Mexico and Florida

The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was "exported" from

By 1700, the British Caribbean annually exported nearly 50 million pounds of

It is important to study the economy and slave labor system of the Caribbean sugar islands because it helps us better understand

The profitable export crop that depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina was

Until the 1670s, almost all Chesapeake colonists were English. By 1700, one out of eight persons in the region was

For planters, a slave labor system had important advantages over a servant labor system because slaves

Roger Williams was

As Roger Williams spent a great deal of time with Native Americans, he believed that

New England Puritanism owed its religious roots to the

King Henry VIII saw in the Protestant Reformation the opportunity to

English Puritans rejected Catholic rituals and instead emphasized

The English monarchs James I and Charles I

The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was unique because it

The Puritans who founded Massachusetts Bay colony

According to John Winthrop's sermon aboard the Arbella, the Puritans had "entered into a covenant" with God, meaning that they

The migration to Puritan New England included

The Puritan doctrine of predestination held that before the creation of the world, God had decided who would achieve salvation, that nothing one did could alter one's fate, and that

Puritan communities in the first half of the seventeenth century could be characterized by

The New England town meeting

Because of the seventeenth-century New England land distribution policy, towns

Anne Hutchinson's emphasis on the "covenant of grace" stirred religious controversy in early Massachusetts because

In the seventeenth century, Puritan churches

The seventeenth-century New England economy mainly consisted of

New England's population continued to grow steadily during the seventeenth century primarily due to

By the 1680s, New England's religious consensus had weakened to the point that

The Halfway Covenant was a

Members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, believed that

King William's War, an attack by Great Lakes and Canadian French forces on villages in New England and New York, demonstrated to the American colonists that

Witch trials in seventeenth-century New England signaled

The colony of New Netherland was marked by a

In 1664, New Netherland

The creation of New York led indirectly to the founding of which two other middle colonies?

William Penn aimed to

The Indian policy in seventeenth-century Pennsylvania

The Navigation Acts of the 1650s and 1660s were designed to regulate colonial trade in order to

King Philip's War (1676) left New England settlers with