Chapter 14 World History Test

the selling or buying of a position in a Christian Church

The son of a rich merchant, Francis treated everyone as spiritual brothers and founded the Franciscans, an order of Friars.

Relating to a style of church architecture that developed in Medieval Europe featuring ribbed vaults, stained-glass windows, flying butresses, pointed arches, and tall spires.

A pope who called for the crusades, a series of wars intended to reclaim the holy land.

One of the expeditions in which medival Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims

A Muslim leader who reclaimed Jerusalem and chased Crusaders back into their own land.

The most powerful Muslim ruler

A ruthless English king who wished to reclaim Jerusalem

the effort by Christian leaders to drive Muslims out of Spain from 1100s to 1492

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy like the Spanish one in the 1400s

A system of farming developed in Medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each was planted with a winter crop, a spring crop, and one was left unplanted.

A medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members wages and prices.

A medieval town dweller

The everyday language of people in a region or country

A writer who wrote The Divine Comedy in Italian

Wrote the Canterbury Tales in English

A scholar who wrote the Summa Theologica which argued that basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. He combined Greek and Christian thought.

School men who used knowledge of Aristotle to teach law and government.

the duke of Normandy; he claimed the English crown, invaded England, declared all land his personal property, granted fiefs, and developed a centralized government.

William the Conqueror's descendant; married Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry strengthened the royal courts of justice, introduced the jury, and established common law.

married Louis VII of France and Henry II, and gave birth to two kings - Richard the Lion-hearted and John. By marrying Henry II she gave him the French land of Aquitaine.

"Great Charter", a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in 1215

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

The ruler of the Capetian Dynasty. He sought to decrease the power of English kings and increase the territory of France. HE was also named Augustus "majestic" and named the first French king to become more powerful than any of his vassals. He also strengthened central government by establishing royal officials called bailiffs.

Philip's grandson, he was very pious and was made a saint. He made a French appeals court which could overturn the decisions of local courts. His French appeals court strengthened the monarchy and weakened feudal ties.

This French city housed popes for 67 years; the switch from Rome to this city weakened the Church.

A division in the medieval Roman Catholic church, during which rival popes were established in Avignon and Rome.

An English professor who argued that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the church. He believed that the clergy should own no land or wealth. He also taught that the bible alone was the final authority for Christian life.

A Bohemian professor who taught that the Bible was higher than the pope. He was excommunicated in 1412 and burned as a heretic.

This deadly disease spread across Asia and Europe in the mid 14th century, killing millions of people.

A conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453

A teenage French peasant who felt moved by God to restor France from its English conquerors and give the crown to Charles VI's son. She broke the siege of Orleans, crowned Charles at Reims, was captured by the Burgundians, and was burned at the Stake by the English Church.

Three problems faced the church: ___________________ were married and had families which was against church rulings, positions in the church were sold by bishops, a practice called _______________, and the practice of ___________________ put kings in control of church bishops.

This founding of this monastery in Cluny, France began church reforms.

This pope enforced Church laws against simony and the marriage of priests.

This pope followed Leo's path and continued to purify the church and extend reforms.

The Church was restructured to resemble a _______________.

Name for the pope's advisors

Vows taken by friars

This group of friars emphasized the importance of study

This group of friars emphasized love of nature.

The first pope to call for a Crusade

This Byzantine emperor sent an appeal to Pope Urban II asking for help against Muslim Turks.

Another name for the crusades

The goal of the Crusades was to ______________________________ from the Muslim Turks.

the symbol of the crusades

The battle cry of the Crusades

Kings and the Church saw the Crusades as a chance to get rid of _____ who fought each other

Crusaders knew nothing of the ___________________________ of the Holy Land

The crusaders had no ________________.

This land was won after the first crusade and four feudal states were carved from it.

This Crusade was organized to recapture Edessa.

These three kings lead the third crusades, but eventually only Richard was left

This crusade looted the city of Constantinople

Capital of Eastern church

Capital of Western Church

Later crusades went here

Spanish Muslims

A long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain.

The last kingdom held onto by the Muslims.

A tribunal held by the Church to suppress heresy.

Effects of the Crusades

In this year three armies of knights gathered outside Constantinople

On this city the Crusades won Edessa

In this year Edessa was reconquered by the Turks

In this year Jerusalem fell to Saladin

In this year Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce

After the third crusade, Muslims would retain control of Jerusalem but unarmed ________________ could visit holy sites.

On this year the Fourth Crusade was called for

In this year the fourth Crusade looted Constantinople, ended the Crusade.

This pope called for the fourth crusade

Horses could plow __________ the land plowed by oxen

Effects of three field system

Main good traded at fairs

As a result of trade, towns no longer depended on _________________-

An association of people who work at the same occupation, a union.

Guilds controlled ___________________-

the three stages to becoming a guild Master

A sin where a Christian lends money at interest

This group of people took up finances because of exclusion from guilds

Town were located on these four places of trade

This group fled manors to leave for towns

Towns were very _________________, however many people continued to move to them

The length of time a serf had to live in a town to earn freedom

Scholars wanted a job in the __________________________________.

The City of Ladies

Muslims had superior ______________.

The _____________ increased contact with Muslim writings which lead to learning in science, philosophy, law, and mathematics.

The only English King that can turn back the VIkings

Land of the Engels

A Danish King who conquered England

Alfred's cousin, when this king died without an heir, it caused an English Civil War

King Edward's son, the Duke of Norman invaded England to claim the throne

An Anglo-saxon who also wanted the English Throne

This man died at the battle of Hastings resulting in William the Conqueror taking the throne.

After Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine, English kings controlled these three lands

The two goals of English kings

Henry II strengthened ___________________ by sending judges to England once a year

This ruler introduced the jury system

This body of law was formed by the ruling of judges that were sent to Courts of Justice by Henry II

Henry II's two sons

John's nickname

This ruler lost all of Normandy and the land North of France

John ________________ for losing wars, which led to people disliking him

This document guaranteed basic political rights, no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and protection by the law

Three major government steps in England

Composition of Parliament

The name of Parliament when it included Commoners

This French ruler reconquered Normandy from King John and tripled the land under his control

Had the title of Augustus, he was the most powerful capetian king

He was known as the ideal king because he was very pious and was also an effective ruler

This ruler made the French Appeals Court that could overturn decisions of local courts

This ruler included the third estate in the Estates-General meeting to gain support against the pope who refused to make the priests pay taxesf

This pope was taken prisoner after he issued a Papal Bull, in response to King Philip IV, where kings must obey popes

This pope moved the papal city from Rome to Avignon

This pope had an arrogant personality and a desire for reform

This French Pope was chosen instead of Pope Urban VI

Pope Urban VI and Pope Clement VII ______________________ each other which resulted in the Great Schism

This group ended the Great Schism by choosing Martin V as the pope

The Bubonic Plague killed _________________ of the European population

A ___________________ arrived in Sicily carrying the plague

This group was blamed for the plague

Scarce work force, abandoned farmland, sheep pastures, fall of manorial system, and peasant revolts

Because of the plague, people had an increased awareness of _____________

This English Ruler claimed the Capetian throne as the grandson of Philip IV

These three battles marked the end of chivalry

One of Joan of Arc's major victories, she won this battle by charging after retreating

After crowning Charles at Reims, this woman was burned at the stake as a heretic and a witch

A feeling of ________________ increased as a result of the Hundred Years' War

A war where two noble houses fought for the throne which ultimately strengthened Parliament

These three things lead to the end of the age of faith