Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Chapter 1 Introduction

How a mere handful of matter can understand, predict, and manipulate a world much larger than itself.

An attempt to understand and build intelligent entities.

An ideal performance measure.

A system is rational if it makes the right decision given what it knows.

The exciting new effort to make computers think...machines with minds, in the full and literal sense.

The study of how to make computers doe things which at the present moment humans are better.

The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act.

Computational intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents.

Proposed by Alan Turing, a computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or from a computer.

The ability to communicate successfully in English

The ability to store what it knows or hears

The ability to use stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions

A Turing test designed to test an AI's physical, vision and motion, capabilities.

Brings together computer models form AI and experimental techniques from psychology to construct precise and testable theories of the human mind.

Patterns for argument structures that always yielded correct conclusions when given correct premises.

The laws that govern the operation of the mind.

Something that acts

An agent that acts to achieve the best outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome

Acting appropriately when there is not enough time to do all the computations one might like.

A problem is in tractable if the time required to solve instances of the problem grows exponentially with the size of the instance.

A problem that is NP-Complete has not fast method for finding a solution. That is, the time required to solve the problem using any currently known algorithm increases very quickly as the size of the problem grows.

Dealing with uncertain measurements and incomplete theories.

The actions of one player can affect the utility of another positively or negatively.

Making decisions that are good enough rather than laboriously calculating an optimal decision.

The brain is an information-processing device.

1. The stimulus must be translated into an internal representation2. The representation is manipulated by cognitive processes to derive new internal representations3. These are in turn re-translated back in action

Devices containing appropriate feedback loops to achieve stable adaptive behavior.

A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action. Any system exhibiting intelligence must operate by manipulating data structures composed of symbols.

A limited problem that requires intelligence to solve.

Making an appropriate series of small mutations to a machine code program, one can generate a program with good performance for any particular problem.

General-purpose search mechanisms trying to string together elementary reasoning steps to find complete solutions. They did not scale up to large or difficult problem instances.

Model humans or state from an ideal state: humanly vs. rationally.