Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach

States of world consider whole with no internal structure visible to the problem solving algorithm.

An agent that uses atomic representation to solve problems.

An goal-based agent that uses factored or structures representations.

Algorithms that are given no information about the problem other than its definition.

Algorithms that are given some guidance on where to look for solutions or knows if a state is more promising than another. uses problem-specific knowledge beyond the definition of the problem

Based on the current situation and the agent's performance measure.

The first step of problem solving.

A desired outcome that is used to limit what an agent can and will do.

The process of deciding what actions and states to consider, given a goal.

The process of looking for a sequence of actions that reaches the goal.

The output in the form of a action sequence of a search algorithm that takes a problem as input. A path from the initial state to the goal state by actions through the state space.

Performing the action sequence recommended by a solution.

Ignoring the percepts received from an environment because the agent already knows what will happen based on the solution.

Consists of Five Components:1. Initial State2.

Actions3. Transition Model4. Path Cost

The state the agent starts in.

Possible moves that an agent can make in its current state. They are applicable given the state

A description of what each action does.

The result states reachable from a given state by performing an action.

Initial state, Actions, Transition Model. Represented by a graph. A path though this is a sequence of states connected by a sequence of actions.

Determines if a given state is a goal state.

A function that assigns a numeric cost to each path. Step cost is the cost of moving from a state by an action to its successor.

The path with the lowest path cost among all solutions.

Removing details from a representation.

A graph with the initial state as the root, actions as branches, and successor states as nodes.

Applying Legal actions to the current state.

Creating a new set of states by performing an action on a given node.

The predecessor(s) of a given node

The successor(s) of a given node

A node with no children

The set of all leaf node available for expansion at a given point.

As known as open list.

The the search algorithm's decision of which node to next.

A state that is exactly the same as a state previously expanded. Lead to by a loopy path.

More than one way to get from one state to another.

The set of all states that have been expanded. AKA closed list.

Is the algorithm guaranteed to find a solution when there is one.

Does the strategy find the optimal solution?

How long does it take to find a solution?

How much memory is needed to perform the search?

The maximum number of successors of any node.

The number of steps along the path from any node.

The path cost plus the search cost which is the time complexity but can including the space somplexity.

A strategy in which the root node is expanded first, then all the successors of the root node are expanded next, then their successors etc. Complete if goal is at finite depth. Optimal if path cost is non decreasing. Not practical considering time and space.

Expands the node with the lowest path cost.

Done by storing the frontier as a priority queue. Goal test applied during expansion not generation. Expands nodes in order of optimality. Complete as long as every step cost is greater than some small positive constant.

Expands the deepest node.

Implemented using a LIFO queue. Not optimal. Low space complexity.

A depth-first search that only generates one successor at a time.

A depth first search with a predetermined depth limit. Incomplete if limit is less than depth.

Not optimal if limit is greater than depth.

The number of steps to reach any other state from the current state.

A depth limited search that gradually increases the limit. Generates states multiple times.

Two searches: one forward form the root and one backward form the goal.

Goal test replaced with frontier intersect test. Requires a method of computing predecessors.

Expands nodes base on evaluation function. Use priority queue with estimated cost.

Estimated cost of the cheapest path form the state as node to a goal state.

Expands the node that is closest to the goal. Incomplete even if finite

Evaluates nodes by combining cost to get to node and the estimated cost to get from node to goal. Estimated cost of getting to goal through node. Complete and optimal.

Tree is optimal if admissible. Graph is optimal if consistent

A heuristic that never overestimates the cost to reach the goal.

AKA monotonicity. The cost of every successor of a node by an action is not great than the step cost from the successor plus the cost of reaching the goal from the successor.

Eliminating possibilities from consideration without having to examine them

Uses f-cost as limit.

Each iteration uses smallest f-cost that exceeds last iteration

uses f-limit variable to keep track of best alternative path from any ancestor of the current node. Replaces f-value with best f-value of nodes children.

Drops the node with the highest f-value when memory is full. Backs up forgotten node f-value to its parent.

A problem with fewer restrictions on the actions.

Storing the exact solution cost all possible solutions to subproblem instance.

The combination of two or more subproblem pattern databases which includes all of one and all the solutions that involve moves of the others.

Problem definitions with a more general goal than the original problem definitions