ap world history period 3 600-1450

school of esoteric philosophy in Islam, which is based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as a definite goal to attain. In modern language it might also be referred to as Islamic spirituality or Islamic mysticism.

the obtainment of culture by an individual or a group of people

Persian scientist, mathematician, astronomer/astrologer, and author. He is often cited as "the father of algebra", which was named after a part of the title of his book, Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala, along with the algorism number system

A Persian Philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. (865-925)

The fourth caliph or successor of Muhammad. He was also the Prophet's cousin. He is revered by Shi'a Muslims as the rightful first caliph

God's name in Islam. Muslim God.

Ancestral Puebloans were a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States. A native American culture flourishing in southern Colorado and Utah and northern New Mexico and Arizona

an instrument that was used to determine the altitude of objects (like the sun) in the sky. It was first used around 200 BC by astronomers in Greece. The astrolabe was replaced by the sextant

Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist. He was the author of 450 books on a wide range of subjects. Many of these concentrated on philosophy and medicine. He is considered by many to be "the father of modern medicine"

In France, Avignon's architecture is marked by papal history. Where the Palace of the Popes was built in the 14th century

powerful Indian empire founded on Lake Texcoco (Mexico)

military government established by the Minamoto, a powerful Japanese clan in 1185

(October 25, 732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain

Nomadic Arabs who originally inhabited desert areas of the Middle East and northern Africa and later began to move to other parts of the region

A landed estate granted in feudal tenure.

Eastern half of the Roman Empire following collapse of western half of the old empire; retained Mediterranean culture; capital at Constantinople

Political, religious and militaristic leader of Islam

writing art form

Aztec clans that distributed land and provided labor and warriors

Korean and Japanese pottery with a light green glaze

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814) Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany (800 C.E). He helped restore some church-based education in western Europe, and the level of intellectual activity began a slow recovering. After death, the empire could not survive.

known as floating gardens, small, rectangle-shapes area of fertile arable land used for agriculture in the Xochimilco region of the Basin of Mexico

Christians who traveled into other countries and attempted to spread the Christian faith. Enthusiastically persecuted in Japan by Tokugawa...

clergy of Christianity, spread the religion

Exam all Chinese government official-to-be's had to go through in order to prove themselves. Very rigorous, although once you passed, instant success was guaranteed.

The collective term for the social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages. It was based on brave, courteous and honourable behaviour - what came to be known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'

Also called bushi-do, which literally means "road of the warrior."; Based on principles of loyalty, courage and honor

Person who generally likes to uphold current conditions and oppose changes; religious movement whose position lies between the Orthodox and Reform

series of military campaigns, where roman catholics tried to capture "holy land" from muslims, some were in Europe

capital city of the Incan Empire

Warlord rulers who divided Japan into 300 little kingdoms

a common structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere

queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204)

banishment from certain religion & Church

The social organization created by exchanging grants of lands or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service.

system where lords provided protection/aid to serfs in return for labor

Plots of land owned by a lord, little kingdoms

religious duties of Muslims (confession of faith, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, hajj)

obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer (5 times a day facing Mecca), fasting during Ramadan, zakat (tax for charity), and the hajj (pilgrimage)

Chinese custom of binding women's feet. They preferred small feet? Confined women to homes. Degrading practice for women of China.

The societal restrictions imposed upon women as families became wealthier, women status lowered

(1170s - 1227) from 1206 khagan of all Mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China and territories as far west as the Abbasid regions. successful military leader, united mongol tribes, was the founder of the mongol empire (1206-1368)

one of four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan's death; territory covered much of present south-central Russia. a state established in Russia, one of the four kingdoms in the mongol empire

A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches

Divide of the Christian church whereby for a time there were two popes

The state church of Greece, an autonomous part of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Traditions of the prophet Mohammad that played a critical role in Islamic law and rituals; recorded by women

large church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian

Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca

organization of cities in N. Germany/Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas; formed in 1241 and most influential in the 14th century when it included over 100 towns and functioned as an independent political power; the last official assembly was held in 1669

No more, abolishes feudalism. Meritocracy.

any opinions/doctrines at variance with the established or orthodox position; beliefs that reject the orthodox tenets of a religion

later period of the Renaissance, Italy big, Hellenistic influence

Mohammad's flight from Mecca to Medina

a continuation of the Roman Empire in central-western Europe (at least, loosely organized/modeled on it)

The focus on humankind as the center o intellectual and artistic endeavor

(1337 - 1453) conflict between England and France -fought over lands England possessed in France (issue of feudal rights vs. emerging claims of national states)

Arab traveler/trader who commented on African traveling security, cities

A type of character representation in which characters do not represent pronunciation alone, but are also related to the component meanings of words

A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest

Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures. Term also used for leader of empire

conflict between tribes.

Major world religion originating in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; literally meaning submission; based o prophecy of Muhammad

continued slave trade on the west coast of Africa

is an Arabic word meaning " striving in the way of God", but it is often translated as "holy war". Refer to an armed struggle fought in the defense of Islam to please Allah

Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders. Played major roles in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula

Compilation of Roman law

Islamic shrine in Mecca; focus of annual truce among Bedouin tribes

Mongol ruler

region ruled under a khan, divided kingdoms under the mongol empire

nomadic Turkic people from central asia, many converted to Judaism, basically wandering people, allies of Byzantine empire and sassanid empire

early east Slavic state, dominated by city of kiev

Town on W African coast, wealthy & beautiful town , access to gold (Sofala) and most southern ship stop

king of France (987-96), first of the Capetians; son of Hugh the Great; he gave away much of his land to secure the dynasty. He spent much of his reign fighting Charles and later became involved in a controversy with the papacy—unsettled at his death—over deposition of the Carolingian archbishop of Reims

Younger brother of King Richard, & bad king of England basically

Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271

Popular artistic style in China during the Tang-Song era. Previously popular Buddhist themes are pushed away by the new scholar-gentry classes interest in nature's beauty

Chinese poet living in Tang Dynasty . He is best known for the extravagant imagination and striking Taoist imagery in his poetry, as well as for his great love for liquor. He is said to have drowned in the Yangtze River, having fallen from his boat while drunkenly trying to embrace (the reflection of) the moon

Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy. Nobles fed up with King John made him sign Great Charter (Magna Carta) that made sure king got approval of aristocracy before imposing taxes, etc, limited king's power

A Hungarian ethnic group

Country of western Africa; During the Middle Ages, Mali formed a huge territorial empire, noted as a center of Islamic study and as a trade route for gold. Its center was Timbuktu

model of Islamicized (reinforced kingship) Sudanic kingdoms, Malinke merchants traded throughout W Africa

Organization of rural economy and society by three classes of manors: a lord's own land, serf holdings, and free peasant land

The district over which a lord had domain and could exercise certain rights and privileges in medieval western Europe

African King who made pilgrimage to Mecca, and gave out so much gold, that worth of gold dropped rapidly

A Venetian trader that went and learned about China under Kublai Khan

non-arab converts to Islam

Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central American contemporary with Teotihuacán; extended over broad religion; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion. A native American group of people that lived in Central America

People occupying the Eastern third of Mesoamerica, particularly the Yucatan Peninsula

The city is revered as the holiest site of Islam, and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go. Religious Center of Islam, where Muslims pray towards, controlled by Umayyad

relating to the Middle Ages

Great trading center where Muhammad fed to and solved their civil war

Medina is the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca. Its importance as a religious site derives from the presence there of the Shrine of the Prophet Mohammad by Masjid al-Nabawi or the Mosque of the Prophet

Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus

what we know today as Mexicans

Time period between the postclassical era and the renaissance. Consists of Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages, in which the latter saw an improvement in trade, economy, and lives of peasants.

The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three 'ages': the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times

A tower attached to a mosque, used for call to prayer

The Mississippian culture was a Mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States in the centuries leading up to European contact. The Mississippian way of life began to develop around 900 A.D. in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. The Mississippian (archaeological) Stage is usually considered to come to a close with the arrival of European contact, although the Mississippian way of life continued among their descendants. There are many regional variants of the Mississippian way of life.

People of the Mississippi plains

Mandatory public service by society in ancient South America. During the Inca empire, public service was required in public works projects such as the building of road and military services

Last prophet of God.

The prophet of Islam: born in 570 in clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca

plow invented during the Middle Ages to improve farming effeciency

Monasticism is the ancient style of vowed religious life which typically includes community, prayer, common worship, silence, and labour. It is governed by a monastic rule, or way of life, which involves a choice to live apart from society and the world, and so to witness in a radical way to Jesus Christ

Pax Mongolica - Mongols brought peace to almost the entire Asian continent because they tolerated and encouraged diversity, especially religions

Either black or white

emperor of the Aztecs who saw his empire defeated by the Spanish

The Medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb. They captured Spain in 700s, and were expelled from Spain in 1492

in Mississippi region of N. America, civilizations found that created moundlike temples of dirt

invented in China in the mid-eleventh century. Individual characters made of fired clay were assembled and glued onto a plate to create a printing block. Introduced in Europe in the 15th century

Prophet who spread the Islamic religion. Born in 570, received revelations from Allah in 610, before passing away in 630

People who believe and follow the Islamic religion

a response by the Confucians to the dominance of the Daoists and Buddhists, severe Confucianism

new strains of rice - led to population growth in Asia

Flemish, dutch art focus

Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico (1200 BCE); featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems. Was the basis for Mesoamerican traditions (Aztec, Maya, etc. )

He was famous during his lifetime as a mathematician and astronomer who calculated how to correct the Persian calendar. he objected to the notion that every particular event and phenomenon was the result of divine intervention; nor did he believe in any Judgement Day or rewards and punishments after life. Instead he supported the view that laws of nature explained all phenomena of observed life

Orthodox Christianity is a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions which descend from the Roman Catholic Church

King of the Germans and arguably the first Holy Roman Emperor

Beginning in England with a House of lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (rich merchants) governing legislative body

representative government led by a prime minister

Agricultural worker that works land they own or rented

Mayor of the Palace of the whole Frankish kingdom (both Austrasia and Neustria), and later King of the Franks; born 714; died at St. Denis, 24 September, 768. He was the son of Charles Martel

development in the Renaissance that included realistic three-dimensional perspective

The use of cotton gins and slaves for production

Pope in Rome had top authority, while regional churches had bishops

Supported Otto, believing Otto will give church back power but Otto betrayed and seized church's land and distributed among vassals

Important Japanese regent and scholar of the Asuka period... promoted Buddhism and Confucianism, reinstituted embassies to China, and adopted the Chinese calendar and court ranks

Prince of Japan. When young, received Buddhist influences from relatives that were affected by Paekche and Kokuryo Buddhisms. Established an official rank system (based on Chinese and Korean official rank system) and a constitution (stressed the acceptable behaviors of the people) and spread Buddhism around Japan

Regional Rulers

the language of the Inca empire, now spoken in the Andes highlands from southern Colombia to Chile

A god of the Toltecs and Aztecs, one of the manifestation of the sun god Tezcatlipoca and represented as a plumed serpent

system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system...could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records. A record-keeping device of the Inca empire consisting of a series of variously colored strings attached to a base rope and knotted so as to encode information, used especially for accounting purposes

the holy book of Islam... recitations of revelations received by Muhammad

Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset

A style of European architecture prevalent from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, with round arches and barrel vaults influenced by Roman architecture and characterized by heavy stone construction

Rubaiyat is a common shorthand name for the collection of Persian verses known more formally as the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. In fact, rubaiyat (a plural word derived from the arabic root meaning 'four') means "quatrains" in the Persian language

conservative branch of Christianity that developed in Russia with Byyzantine cue

Japanese feudal military leaders, rough equivalent of Western knights. Warrior class, top during Shogunate

dominant medieval philosophical approach... based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems

violent conflict between Muslims and Coptic Christians in Egypt.

major branch of the Oghuz turks, ruled parts of central asia and middle east (11-14 centuries)

The Jews whose traditions and culture originate from the Mediteranean, including Spain and Portugal

ritual suicide/disembowelment in Japan (hara-kiri); demonstrating courage and restoring family honor

A person in bondage or servitude

peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages

Islamic Law

military leaders of the bakufu

military government in 12th century Japan... established by the Minamoto after the Gempei Wars... retained emperor but real power resided in military government and samurai

were not property themselves and could not be sold apart from the land which they worked. Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of the privileged land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.

the ability of an individual to change his/her social status

Southern port with gold produced in the interior, controlled by Kilwa

Chinese dynasty that united the entire country until 1127 and the southern portion until 1279, during which time northern China was controlled by the Juchen tribes

successor to Mali empire, fusion of Islam, pagan, took over Niger valley, dominant in area until Muslims with muskets

In the Middle Ages, a judicial procedure that was used to combat heresy... in Spain, authorized by Sixtus IV in 1478; the pope later tried to limit its powers but was opposed by the Spanish crown...the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada was responsible for burning about 2,000 heretics at the stake

a missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans... converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity...responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic

institution that the Mongols employed to all empires under its control. Paying tribute was one aspect of it

a vast semiarid grass-covered plain, found in southeast Europe and Mongolia

mystics within Islam... responsible for expansion of Islam in southeastern Asia

Islamic title, used for rulers of the muslim country

"Lion prince"; member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died in 1260

Sunnis believe this process was conducted in a fair and proper manner and accept Abu Bakr as a righteous and rightful Caliph. The second major sect, the Shia, believe that the Prophet had appointed his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor years earlier during an announcement at Ghadir Khom.

A Bantu language of the coast and islands of eastern Africa from Somalia to Mozambique

Chinese emperor who overthrew the Hsia dynasty and founded the Shang dynasty

attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese- style emperor...also tried to make a professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army

Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state. name applied to the Turkic ppl of eastern Europe and central asia, derived from Ta-ta a Mongolian tribe that inhabited present northeast Mongolia in 5th centrury AD

Inca Religious center located at Cuzco

center of Aztec power, founded on marshy island in Lake Texcoco

city founded by the Aztecs in 1325

building located inside the mosque known as Masjid al Haram in Mecca (Makkah). The mosque has been built around the Kaaba. The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam.

of a series of disputations that took place in Europe during the Middle Ages, a group of rabbis were called upon to defend the Talmud. The attacks against Judaism was based on a long held idea that rabbis had "distorted" the Bible through their interpretations, keeping Jews from "adopting" Christianity.

Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God

Arabian Nights' Entertainment: a collection of folktales in Arabic dating from the 10th century

A ruined Mayan city of northern Guatemala. It was the largest of the Mayan cities and may also be the oldest

Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River

leader of Turkic nomads - last Mongol nomad

name given to Timur Lang

a member of a Nahuatl-speaking people of central and southern Mexico whose empire flourished from the 10th century under invasion by the Aztes in the 12th Century

843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories, the Carolingian Empire, into three kingdoms

The sacrificing to the gods or the offering and payments to the leaders and/or owners of the land

capital of the Toltec people, established around 968 CE

An aristocratic lineage group of prehistoric origin (for example, the Fujiwara, the Taira)

religious leaders - traditional leanings in Islamic Empire

community of the faithful within Islam; creating political unity

members of military elite who received land or benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. Subordinate who, in exchange for land, gives loyalty

Scandinavian raiders

A culture originating in Scandinavia (now Norway, Denmark and Sweden) around the mid-8th century AD The Vikings were fierce conquerors, brave explorers, and skilled craftspeople; they invaded and settled countries throughout Western Europe

one of a class of feudal serfs, that held legal status of freedom in dealings with ppl except their lord

Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev - converted kingdom to Christianity

A military commander exercising civil power in a region, whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it

It is a technique for printing used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China sometime between the mid-6th and late 9th centuries

Empress in China; supported Buddhism

1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty. Period of Kublai Kahn and the Mongols dominance over China

obligatory tax for Muslims used for charity

country where Bantu ppl began migrating into, linked to the establishment of trade ties with muslim merchants on Indian ocean (bout 10th century) trading natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper for cloth and glass

(750 C.E.) The Sunni dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads as caliphs

(632-634 C.E.) The first caliph; one of Muhammad's earliest followers and closest friends

The 4th caliph; the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad who was meant to be the original successor of Muhammad but was too young. Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punnishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph, Uthman

architecture based on mathematical precision, columns, domes, geometrically perfect designs, revival of Roman architecture

The upper, noble and rich class

, 1336-1573) was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family. most of the regional power still remained with the provincial daimyo, and the military power of the shogunate depended largely on their loyalty to the Ashikaga. As the daimyo increasingly feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power, that loyalty grew increasingly strained, until it erupted into open warfare

exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, and music. The style started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe

(October 25, 732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain

A powerful city-state formed around the 14th century; was not relatively influence by the Europeans despite coming into contact with the Portuguese'; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century

Eastern Half of Roman Empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; capital at Constantinople

Political and religious successors to Muhammad

(8-10th century) Royal house of franks that succeeded the Merovingian dynasty; most prominent member was Charlemagne

Charles the "Hammer"; led the the Battle of Tours and saved Europe from the Islamic expansion. (732 C.E.)

Holy Roman Emperor - heritage from German Hapsburgs, Burgundy, Spanish heritage - united empires

Originally a Mayan city; conquered by the Toltecs (1000 C.E)

(Formulated 14th century) Way of the Warrior for Japanese samurais; defined service and conduct appropriate to their status

Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honour and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'

series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims (temporarily succeeded in capturing Jersalem and establishing Christian kingdoms)

male monarch/emperor of Russia

warlord rulers of 300 small kingdoms following Onin War and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate

various Afghan dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526

belief that God stays out of our daily lives - he's a big clockmaker who started the universe, gave us everything we need, European belief by monarchs, aristocracy that their right to rule was legitimized/sanctioned by God,I was born into a monarchy, I must deserve it

Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; married Henry II that marriage was annulled and became Queen of England during 1152-1204

(reigned 713-755) Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty; encouraged overexpansion

human existence as having a set of underlying themes and characteristics, such as anxiety, dread, freedom, awareness of death, and consciousness of existing. Existentialism is also an outlook, or a perspective, on life that pursues the question of the meaning of life or the meaning of existence

A political and economical system; relation of a vassal and its lord is characterized by homage and protection

began Tang Dynasy - 700, eventually spread to all classes, feet bound on girls at 6 years old, status symbol - only rich could afford to do it, symbol of femininity - women willing to go through pain for appearance - see high heel shoes

made inland nations rich, relied on slave trade and gold to increase wealth, stunted/slowed industrialization, made African nations dependent, needed to purchase European weapons to expand control of region

former Eastern Orthodox church converted to a mosque, now converted into a museum, in the Turkish city of Istanbul

rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion

spread to Nothern Europe - literature, art - blended human form w/ religion - literature/arts in vernacular for the masses

1299 - Osman is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

practice of requiring women to cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form, separates genders, some places more cultural than religious

reestablishment of Christian rather than Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula, taking place between 718 and 1492

The Rococo style of art emerged in France in the early 18th century as a continuation of the Baroque style, but in contrast to the heavier themes and darker colors of the Baroque, the Rococo was characterized by an opulence, grace, playfulness, and lightness. Rococo motifs focused on the carefree aristocratic life and on lighthearted romance rather than heroic battles or religious figures; they

Not bound by any religious faction

certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e. the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), without claiming the overall caliphate. It then developed some further meanings in certain contexts. The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called Sultanate

The joining of two or more groups

Lacking previous experience of the sort

Often known as Western Europe or USA

Arabic word for "owned", slave soldiers used by muslim caliphs and the ottoman empire

Emperor with no real power. In Japan, the shogun (who acted in the name of the emperor) had all the major power

ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement in the former, and a standing army of one million troops. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced in North China (roughly 1 kg per inhabitant), and many books were printed using movable type

masterless samurai between 1180-1868

Islamic shrine in Jerusalem; believed to be the site where Muhammed ascended to Heaven

religious controversy with the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons

An aristocratic lineage group of prehistoric origin (for example, the Fujiwara, the Taira)

A god of the Toltecs and Aztecs, one of the manifestation of the sun god Tezcatlipoca and represented as a plumed serpent

The word orthodoxy, from the Greek ortho ('right', 'correct') and doxa ('thought', 'teaching'), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. Each is headed by a bishop; most are related to a specific country, as in Serbian, Russian and Greek Orthodox

A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith

Formed by 8th century by exchanging gold from the forests of west Africa for salt/dates from the Sahara or for goods from Mediterranean north Africa. Camels, were introduced tcreating better trade. By 3rd century C.E. it rose to power by taxing the salt and gold exchanged within its borders. 10th century, rulers had converted to Islam and were at its height of power. Almoravid armies invaded Ghana from north Africa (1076), the power was declining despite the kingdom's survival. 13th century, new states rose.

developed in the second millennium BCE in the central Andes and the central Pacific coast of South America. While oldest artifacts carbon date around 9750 BCE, evidence of a significant economic surplus begins around 2000 BCE. The Andean civilizations included the urbanized cultures of Chav�n, Moche, Ica-Nazca, Chimu, Tiwanaku, Aymara, Chachapoya, and other Pre-Inca cultures. The semi-urbanized Inca conquered greater Peru in the 15th century. Then, in the 16th century, the European fiefdom of Spain conquered Peru.

political grouping of the chimu culture that ruled the northern coast of Peru, from 850-1470

living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household