AP World: History of the World in Six Glasses

150,000 years ago

50,000 years ago / hunter-gatherers

12000 years ago / pottery, wheeled vehicles, writing

sometime between 10000 and 4000 BCE

3400 BCE

4000 BCE, Tepe Gawna in Mesopotamia

10000 BCE

great place for raising sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and growing dense strands of wheat and barley / rich pickings for hunter-gatherers

cereal grains

when crushed and mixed with water

tiny granules of starch

They could be stored for months or even years. A family working 8 hours a day for 3 weeks could collect enough for each member to have a pound a day for a year.

required them to stay in one place for at least 3 weeks, people didn't want to leave stores unguarded

10000 BCE

East Coast of Mediterranean (fertile crescent)

no

1. when soaked in water in non-watertight container so grains sprouted, they released diastase enzymes which convert sugar to maltose or malt, giving grains sweet taste 2. gruel made from cereal grains left to sit for a few days turned to bear

when cereal grains first stored

yeast in air fermented maltose sugar, creating alcohol

gruel cooked

cultured yeast began to live in cracks and crevices

addition of berries, spices, honey, herbs, etc.

17

3000 BCE, 20

-- way Mesopotamian brewers controlled flavor and color of beer -- barley shaped into lumps and baked twice to produce bread

which came first: beer or bread

people would drink from and same vessel with straws first out of necessity and then, with advent of pottery, as ritual representing connection or bond between drinkers

magical fermentation process

religious ceremonies

9000 BC, fertile crescent

desire to increase supplies of grain needed to make beer

7000 -- 5000 BCE

contributions to communal storehouse / 8000 BCE / clay tokens

religious offerings / administrators who lived off surplus

accounting, writing (keeping records), bureaucracy, giving food as offerings to gods

all ancient civilizations

4300 BC, city-states

Uruk, 5000

a dozen city states including Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Eridu, Nippur

Egypt, Thebes and Memphis

surplus of crops, gain in particular

-- allowed some people to work as artisans, administrators, etc. -- meant wealth needed for large public works like canals -- grain used as currency and basis of diet in form of bread and beer

Sumer in 3400 BCE

-- Gilgamesh King of Uruk in 2700 BCE -- Enkidu turns from a savage to a human by drinking beer and eating bread

3rd dynasty which began in 2350 BCE

funerary texts inscribed in pyramids from end of 5th dynasty in 2350 BCE CHECK ON

every person in every class

Assyrians beginning with King Ashurnasirpal II in 870 BCE

9000BC-4000BC in Zagros Mountain Range in modern Armenia and Northern Iran

1. presence of Eurasian Grapevine 2. availability of cereal crops for year round food stores 3. invention of pottery

a far from Zagros Mountain region dating back to 5400 BCE

West to Greece and Anatolia (modern Turkey) and South through Levant (Syria, Lebanon, and Israel) to Egypt

lack of grapes

date palm wine -- fermented date syrup drunk by poor if not beer

1st millennium BC

Greeks

age of and type of wine drunk

added water to it

considered it barbaric

to make wine safer and less intoxicating

it was just as bad as not adding water

Greek wine-drinking party CHECK THAT THAT'S RIGHT WORD

South France in West, Egypt in South, Crimean Peninsula in East, Danube Region in North

146 BCE

Gaul and Spain

in freighters

after the election of Septimus Severus in 193 BCE

thing

all classes

the type of wine you drank

Falernian

laws being passed about what could be spent on food so as to prevent the wrath of the poor

Roman wine-drinking party, symposium's Roman counterpart

-- less intellectual and more of a way to show off class -- the food one was served depended on their class rather than the host's -- mixed water with wine like Greeks but did so individually rather than in communal krater (special type of vessel)

1. Falernian 2. wine that had additives to improve flavor 3. posca 4. lora

water mixed with wine that had become vinegar-like

soldiers when better stuff was unavailable because it was more of a type of water purification technology than a wine

water mixed with whatever was left after wine-making like stalks and leaves

slaves

medicine

yellow bile and phlegm

better the wine quality and vintage

False: They continued wine-drinking tradition

Christianity

religious figures: very small amounts needed for communion

two of his disciples had a fight during a drinking party

Islam's rise to dominance meant that power was now in the hands of Arabian desert tribes instead of previously elite people of the Mediterranean coast -- replaced wheeled vehicles with camels, chairs with cushions, and banned wine -- the utmost symbol of sophistication

its significance in the rival Christian faith

overindulge

Iberian Peninsula

whether the land was within the former boundaries of the Roman Empire

yes: beer dominant in Britain

-- Spain -- France -- Italy

Luxembourg (in France) and Italy

Islamic Cordoba in Spain

Arab world, at least millennium of 4000 BCE CHECK ON THIS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Arabs, particularly Arab scholar Jabir ibn Hayyan, one of the fathers of chemistry

To strengthen wine because alcohol has lower boiling point than water, resulting in alcohol-rich vapors. This new drink -- spirits -- was originally intended to be used for medicinal purposes.

Age of Exploration, Europe and its colonies, the drink's durability

12th century with Italian alchemist Michael Salernus, but really picked up in the 13th century as medical schools began popping up throughout continent.

regarded it as panacea, calling it aqua de vite

for its intoxicating effects, knowledge of distillation spread even further thanks to invention of printing press

it was stronger than local brews

gift of alcohol presented to African slave traders before negotiations began

Barbados, 1640s

Portuguese name for drink made by fermenting the foam on the top of the sugar cane juice that formed as it was being boiled and distilling the result

Barbados / molasses (chief byproduct of sugar-making process) used instead

allowed cane brandy to be made cheap without any reduction in sugar production

European beers and wines often spoiled by the time they reached Barbados, and were costly to import

-- originally called kill-devil because extremely strong but not possessing pleasant taste -- travelers to Barbados in 1651 found preferred drink there was Rumbullion X slang word from Southern England meaning "brawl" or "violent commotion" X often the outcome of drinking it X shortened to rum

owners got them addicted to it

as a medicine

sailors

watered-down version of rum with sugar and lime added to it

British Navy Admiral Edward Vernon whose nickname was "Old Grogram"

reduced instances of scurvy: -- wasting disease caused by Vitamin C deficiency X lemon and lime juice contain Vitamin C -- other navies didn't drink grog

rum could be used to buy slaves to make sugar, the byproduct or which was rum which could be used to buy more slaves

Brandy helped to kick it off. Rum made it profitable

the climate

second half of 17th century

importing molasses from West Indies and distilling it into a lower quality but far cheaper rum

rum had become alcoholic currency for African slaves

New English distilleries were buying molasses from French colonies rather than English ones

put 6-pence tax on every gallon of foreign molasses bought, 1733

They didn't produce nearly enough and what they did produce was of lower quality than French molasses

completely ignored Act, American Revolution

French Indian War

distilled fermented cereal grains

when they began to move West

-- Revolutionary War interrupted Molasses Trade -- because it was an imported product, molasses was expensive to move West -- cereal grains easier to grow farther inland

nothing funny on the back of the card this time

NAs though it was like local hallucinogenic plants, spirits had magical powers that could be accessed only if the drinker was completely intoxicated

supplied large quantities of alcohol when trading with the NAs -- French -- brandy: fur traders in Canada used it for example -- British -- rum -- Spanish -- mescal

distilled version of pulque

Aztec drink, mildly alcoholic fermented juice of avage plant

just thought you should know

The spread of the Scientific Revolution / Age of Reason / Enlightenment -- spread of new rationalism throughout Europe

mild alcohol

people were stimulated in the morning, made more alert, rather than slightly inebriated, dizzy, and hazy

Alcohol: It provided sobriety rather than inebriation

No. In fact it causes alcohol to leave the bloodstream more slowly, but it increases alertness.

never drunk by Greeks or Romans, making it perfect for age when everyone wanted to escape their outdated scientific philosophy

coffee berries boiled in water

in Yemen in the 15th century

No: People in the Islamic world may have chewed on berries for their stimulating effects long before that.

Muhammad al-Dhabhani: -- scholar -- member of Sufi order of Islam which performed many nocturnal rituals X needed way of staying awake -- died in 1470

gahwah

-- 1510 -- reached Mecca and Cairo -- spread all over the Middle East from those two cultural centers

whether coffee should be prohibited because of intoxicating effects (Quranic Law)

coffeehouses had begun to spring up: -- places of rumor, gossip, and political/satirical discussion -- places where board games like chess/backgammon played X betting illegal

no law was being broken