AP World History No Significances First Semester

genus of human ancestors that lived in Africa, now extinct

human ancestor that had upright skeletons, stronger builds than the Australopithecus, but smaller brains then H. Sapiens

current humans, larger brains allowed for more success than the H. Erectus

"old stone age," beginning of stone tools for convince, associated with foraging culture

"foraging," groups follow game and plant in order to survive

early modern humans (h. sapiens sapiens) found in the Old World

figures of women with enhanced sexual characteristics, thought to promote fertility

cave paintings left by Cro-Magnons

"new stone age" characterized by polished tools and the agricultural transition

period of centuries in which humans transitioned from hunter/gathering culture to neolithic agriculture

metalworking, manipulation of metals into tools or jewelry

figures of women with enhanced sexual characteristics, thought to promote fertility

a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories, reigned around 5700BCE

a conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who conquered all of Mesopotamia to create the first empire

Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia

a Babylonian king who conquered Jerusalem and sent Jews into exile

leaded and unified Israel

Son of King David, established Jerusalem

prophet who preached about Yahweh

collection of works glorifying Gilgamesh

site of the first empire, located between the Tigris and Euphrates

southern Mesopotamia, also known as Sumeria

a river in southwestern Asia; begins in eastern Turkey and joins the Euphrates river, border of the Mesopotamian society

a river that begins in Turkey, flows through Syria and Iraq, and empties into the Persian Gulf, border of the Mesopotamian society.

northern Mesopotamian city state, where Sargon led his army to create the first empire

set of laws set forth my Hammurabi

law of retaliation "an eye for an eye"

a group of people to take over the Fertile Crescent

new Babylonian empire after much turmoil

an alloy of copper and tin

an alloy made of iron and copper

a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line

an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia

one of the first groups of people to believe in one God

former name of the area that today includes Israel

northern part of the Palestine empire

southern part of the Palestine empire

list of rules made by Yehwah, presented by Moses

book of scriptures made by Jewish prophets

sailing and trading people who had many colonies on the Mediterranean coast

group of languages that extends from southern Asia to the Iberian Peninsula

peoples from Anatolia (modern day Turkey)

modern day country, land of the Aryans, Dravidians, and Harappan Society

Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC

a settled, well-organized people who built cities in India

first Indian civilization

river near pakistan that creates a fertile plain (Indus River Valley)

large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan

early Indian settlement, laid out in a grid pattern with irrigation and sewage

sacred language by the Vedas in India, mainly for religion

ordinary language used in India, but still formal enough for writing

Sanskrit writings, earliest known of Hinduism

first Vedas scripture, deals with spirituality, science, etc

title given to an Indian prince or king

area between Indus and Ganges river

important river in India, supplied water

Hindu social rank based on wealth and profession

class of which a person was placed into according to Hindu law at birth

first level of Varna, priest class of Indian society

second level of Varna, warrior class of Indian society

third level of Varna, merchant class of Indian society

fourth level of Varna, servant class of Indian society

sub Varna, groups for economic development

a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line

guidelines formed based on Hindu beliefs

ritual requiring women to commit suicide at their husband's funeral

god thought to view people from the heavens, also god of the sky and creation

the body, according to tradition

group of peoples that contributed to older Vedas

the Universal spirit of which we are all made

idea of reincarnation back into suffering

idea that a person's actions determined their incarnation

idea that a person can break Samsara to join Brahman

exposed land masses that appeared when most of the world was covered in ice, used as passages to new lands

earliest known Mexican civilization, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples

civilization in Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula, about A.D. 250 to 900

largest ancient Mayan city in Guatemala

Mayan kingdom that attempted to bring political stability to the region by forcing other city states to subject to its power and rule

Mayan creation epic, taught that god created humans out of maize and water

team sport in Mesoamerica, losers were sacrificed to the gods

a powerful city-state in central Mexico, with over 150000 inhabitants at its peak

a culture that thrived in the Andean region from about 900 B.C. to 200 B.C.

Andean society with much technology but no writing, known for their detailed works of art

people who began to explore and settle islands of the Pacific Ocean basin

Austronesian population that emerged from Taiwan

Chinese astronomer, scholar, historian, wrote historical records for China

political and ethical philosopher from China

Confucius's greatest disciple, wrote Analects

Confucian follower, suggested humans are lazy and required a totalitarian government to make them good

wrote the philosophical ideas of Taosim, advocated humility and piety

founder of legalism, idea that proposed government and expanding borders over everything else

advocate of strict legalism

unified China, major engineering projects such as canals and roads, standardized measurements and money

Overthrew Qin dynasty, first emperor of Han dynasty

most prominent and important Han dynasty empire, created public school system

Confucian scholar, overthrew Liu family to create Xin Dynasty, tried to help the poor and implement land reforms

the teachings of Confucius, emphasized kindness and love

Confucian virtue of benevolence, stating that a person will make the correct choice regardless of outcome

Confucian virtue of reverence

Confucian idea that one should respect parents and ancestors above all others

philosophy based from works from Laozi, that one should be pious and humble

idea that we should know what to do and when

idea that proposed government and expanding borders over everything else

first Dynasty, built Great Wall, unified China, established standards, constructed canals and roads

Dynasty that increased its power and borders, second to the Qin Dynasty

confederation of nomadic tribes in Central Asia

production of raw silk by raising silkworms

revolt in China over land management disputes in second-century CE

founded India's first empire, was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India

Advisor of Chandragupta who wrote ancient political handbook known as the Arthashastra, a manual offering detailed instructions on the uses of power and the principles of government

grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire

one of the greatest leaders of the Kushan Empire in India

the founder and ruler of the Gupta Empire

Indian ascetic philosopher and the principal founder of Jainism

founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha

located in the central portion of the Ganges plain, most important state in northeastern India during the Mauryan dynasty

Indian empire founded by Chandragupta, beginning with his kingdom in northeastern India and spreading to most of northern and central India

in Northwestern India, and ruled by Greek-speaking descendants of Alexander's campaigns, modern day Afghanistan

located in Northern India/Central Asia, maintained Silk Road

ruling family in India during its golden age, responsible for many achievements in math and science

nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration

a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth

a religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul, some were extreme aesthetics

a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire

a famous Buddhist university and monastary located in the eastern Ganges Valley

a religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written down the Iliad and the Odyssey

Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt

led rebuilding of Athens for more than 30 years from 461BCE to 429BCE

father of Alexander of Macedon, unified the warring Greek city-states

also known as Alexander the Great, by 331 BCE, controlled Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia; invaded Persian homeland and burned Persepolis; crossed the Indus by 327

Greek poet who wrote about human emotions, lived on island of Lesbos

philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method

considered the greatest philosopher, student of Socrates, known for his Ideas theory

prominent Greek philosopher, noted for his philosophically based thoughts of "science"

writer of several tragedies involving war and its misery

an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies

society that inhabited Crete, created an undeciphered script, fell to invaders around 1100 BCE

prominent ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BCE

an undeciphered writing system used in Crete in the 17th century BCE

Greek civilization created by Indo- Europeans that lasted from 1600- 1100 BCE, during which large palaces were made, wars fought, trade established; earthquakes and invaders caused it to finally collapse

the modern name for the script, composed of signs and pictures, in which Mycenaean Greeks kept records on tablets of clay

war (around 1200 B.C.), in which an army lead by Mycenaean kings attacked the city of Troy in Anatolia (trojan horse!)

general Greek city-state, including the city and the land around it

Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts

powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture

conflict between Persia and Greece; Persia wanted to punish Athens for helping another city-state

alliance of city-states with Athens as leader, made to keep fighting Persia

a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta

ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander of Macedon in the southeastern Balkans

period between the death of Alexander the Great (323 BCE) and the conquest of Egypt by Rome (30 BCE), marked by migrations to the newly conquered areas

the area of Macedon and Greece, the smallest of the Hellenistic empires; cities such as Athens and Corinth flourished during the Hellenistic age and cities were overpopulated

The empire in the Egyptian area after the breakup of Alexander's empire

the largest kingdom that came of the division of Alexander's empire

one of the panhellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations

term used by Plato to refer to traits in physical objects, ex: manly, beauty, etc.

cult based on Dionysus, had many rituals involving orgies and drinking, later transitioned to a more civilized cult

defitinion: philosophical system of the Stoics (person who can tolerate pain) following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno

Founder of Rome; twin of Remus; killed his own twin brother Remus over disputes on the building of Rome

Tried to equally distribute land but upper classes did not want to give up land; were both assassinated

A general that advocated redistribution of land; he took down his political enemies and died the next year

Took over after Marius died and posted lists of his enemies ("Enemies of the State") that were to be killed on the spot if found; killed about 10,000 people by the time her died

Conquered Rome and made himself dictator for life; gave building jobs to those of the lower classes; was stabbed to death by elite class members who found him a tyrant

Nephew of Julius; original name Octavian; defeated Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; ruled for 45yrs; Senate gave him the name Augustus (divine nature of its holder); developed a monarchy disguised as a republic

Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose

Teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth

Supported Christianity and was put to death for it

People who dominated most of Italy; built successful cities; had many alliances; traded frequently; had bronze, iron, gold, and silver; defeated by Greeks

A council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders

Fought between Rome and Carthage over Sicily and Mediterranean trade

The basic law code for citizens of the early republic

Were built for easy transportation and communication; had curbs; had drainage; were topped with stone; were 2-8 meters (6-26ft) wide depending on the location; had postal stops along the roads

Marble stadium and sports arena that had seating for 50,000 people; had an awning to protect spectators from weather

the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners

Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders

Idea that there are moral laws governing the universe; followers are generally indifferent to pain and pleasure.

ancient Persian religion that was later adapted to values of courage, honor, etc

Was a cult devoted the Egyptian goddess Isis. It allowed both men and women into the cult. They felt she was a protective goddess who neutered her worshipers and helped them coped with the stress. It also offered Salvation

Religious group which believed the temple of worship was impure

Monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud

Monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

The collection of books of the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline and other Epistles, and Revelation

The first major discourse delivered by Jesus

Farming plantations for the wealthy

"Roman Peace" Augustus created a time of peace that lasted for 2 and 1/2 centuries

"Our Sea," started to call the Mediterranean the Roman Lake

"Father of the Family"; had the authority to arrange marriages, determined duties, and punish; had rights to sell them into slavery and execute them

on expedition; sent by Wudi in 139 BC; general and explorer; 13 years later his troops went back nearly wiped out by barbarian attacks and were in captivity for 10 years

most prominent and important Han dynasty empire, created public school system

a tireless missionary with a reputation for performing miracles and who popularized Christianity in central Anatolia

self characterized as Apostle of Christ, originally part of judaizing christian community, Book of Mani's life and teachings was found in small book in Egypt, 216-274

He was a Roman general turned emperor who introduced reforms

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians

Leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century

A Germanic general who deposed the Roman emperor in 476, marking the fall of the Western Roman Empire

Scholar that later converted to Christianity, helped explain history and science from a Christian point of view.

a system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains

principal commercial center on east African coast, contributed ivory, tortoise shell, and slaves and dominated East African trade

a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire

a religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions

formed with a combination of Christianity, Zoroastriaism, Buddhism, and Judism

a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease

a rebellion in the Han dynasty by peasants that brought down the dynasty because of unequal distribution of land

generals who seized power, held it briefly, and they lost it when they were displaced by rivals or their own mutinous troops

member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century

people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome

issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire

Christian council that met in 325 to determine the question of the trinity; decided on the divinity of all three persons.

Wrote about the smuggling of silk worms and sericulutre techniques from China

Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D., initiated an ambitious building program, including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

the wife of Justinian, originally a prostitute

Justinian's top general who reconquered much of Africa and tried to reconquer Europe

Bulgar-slayer, using themes he moved west and destroyed the Bulgars

an ambassador whom Otto sent on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople in 968, insulted Byzantium and its emperor

theologist who didn't accept that Jesus was divine (Arianism) and was outlawed as a heretic

imposed iconoclasm for fear that they were being worshiped as physical idols

popular Pillar saint, influenced the creation of monastaries

urged reforms of monasteries that increased their efficiency

first of two popular missionaries that invented the Cyrillic alphabet and used that to explain the Bible

second of two popular missionaries that invented the Cyrillic alphabet and used that to explain the Bible

convert to Christianity, despite being a drunkard

a modest market town turned military and economic center of the Byzantine empire

the capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire

the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

"Body of Civil Law," Justinian's codification of Roman law

a mixture used by Byzantine Greeks that was often shot at adversaries that would ignite

administrative division of the Byzantium empire in which generals would oversee aristocrats to keep the free peasantry strong

Byzantine gold coin; the standard currency of the Byzantium empire

the Colosseum of the Byzantian empire where the Greens and Blues were held

teams that fought in the Hippodrome and caused major social unrest

doctrine stating that Jesus was not God but created by God, taught by Arius

deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives

saints that prayed on pillars to demonstrate their aesthetic lifestyle

an autonomous area in northeastern Greece that is the site of several Greek Orthodox monasteries founded in the tenth century

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe

series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule

battle between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turks (Muslims) in 1071, where the Byzantine lost

Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire, sealed their grain

Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks

defeated Eastern Romans, took possession of the lower Danube River, set base for Bulgarian kingdom

Russian alphabet, brought by Greek Orthodox Christian missionaries who brought Christianity to Russia

trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

companion of 1st Muslim leader after Muhammad, regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful successor

the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites

Leader of rebellion in Persia that led to the downfall of the Umayyad

fifth and most famous Abbasid Caliph in Iraq

Islamic theologian who struggled to fuse Greek and Koranic traditions

Persian poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation (1050-1123)

tried to blend Aristotle's and Plato's views with those of Islam- argued that Greek philosophy had the same goal: to find the truth.

the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

a believer or follower of Islam

religious conceptualization of the world as belonging either to Muslim or non-Muslim territory, exists within Islam

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions

a city in western Saudi Arabia to where Muhammad had fled

The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam

the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan

name recognizing Muhammad as the last and greatest prophet

a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine

the five basic acts of worship that are central to Islam (Faith, Prayer, Fasting, Alms, Pilgrimage)

the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Muhammed

the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth

the dynasty caliphs whose capital was Damascus, one of the largest empires ever

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

The dynasty that came after the Umayyads, devoted their energy to trade, scholorship, and the arts

Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology

Muslim judges who carried out the judicial functions of the state

the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)

an inn in some Eastern countries with a large courtyard that provides accommodation for caravans

Arabic name given to a nation in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims

a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life

the fifth pillar of Islam, a pilgrimage to Mecca

Buddhist monk that illegally visited India; popularized Buddhism in China (629 C.E.)

military commander that led an uprising of Eastern China for almost a decade (875-884) that helped to bring the Tang to a close

a famous chinese poet who wrote "spring landscape" and his poems were base on the suffering of his own life

Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings.

(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China

a dynasty (581 to 618) that rebuilt the Great Wall and began canal building, restored centralized rule after war

an inland waterway 1000 miles long in eastern China built by the Sui dynsaty

the imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, restored centralized rule after war

ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history, today known as Xi'an

inheritance system where 1/5 of the land when to the peasant's descendants and the rest went to the government

civil service examinations; based on Confucian education - no longer decided by family lineage

refers to China because the people believed that their land stood between heaven and Earth

A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia.

the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279

Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture

nomadic people that conquered Khitan, overran northern China, and captured the Song capital

practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller

A Chinese city on the edge of Taklimaken desert; all silk road routes reached this point

Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society

term that describesthe resurgence of Confusianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the Tang dynasty

Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies

a southern state below China

Japanese period (710-794) centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese influence

(794 - 1100) move the capital to Heian; 300 years of developing a new culture; growth of large estates

story of Prince Genji and his lovers, written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu at end of 11th century, world's first full novel

Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan

a hereditary military dictator of Japan

Yorimoto's capital during his shogunate, destroyed in 1331

later medieval period of Japan that ran from 1336 - 1573 CE; during the two periods, Japan developed a decentralized political order

a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy

traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living

Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor

A storytelling mariner who came from the emporium of Siraf on the Persian Gulf

7th century north Indian ruler; built a large state that declined after his death 646 (last true Hindu ruler)

third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression

two brothers dispatched by officials in Delhi to represent the sultan and implement court policies in the sought. Converted from Hinduism to Islam; in 1336 they renounced Islam, returned to Hindu faith, and proclaimed of an established empire, independent empire of Vijayanagar

southern India; tried to harmonize all the Hindu writings

taught in the hands of Vishnu one will win god's grace and live in presence

Indus River valley in NW India; conquered in 711; fringe of Islamic world

the kingdom established by Mahmud's succesors to spread islam in India

kingdom situated in the deep south. At its high point, Chola forces conquered Ceylon and parts of southeast Asia, funded by the profits of trade, dominated the sea, did not build a tightly centralized state

independent empire proclaimed by Harihara and Bukka; "city of victory". Dominate state in southern India until 1565

seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons

Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design

Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula

Christian kingdom in Ethiopia

a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity

A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world

an important Hindu deity who in the trinity of gods was the Destroyer

a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life

Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam

Early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E.

Southeast Asian kingdom, based on the island of Sumatra that used a powerful navy to dominate trade

Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom (889-1432) that was centered around temple cities

the first major center of Islam in Southeast Asia, a port kingdom on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula

king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor

crowned Charlemagne the "Holy Roman Emperor"

literate monk who wrote the History of the Franks and some of the other few surviving histories of the Early Middle Ages

third son of Charlemagne and king of the Caroligian Empire and Holy Roman Emperor

king of Wessex 871-899; known as Alfred the Great. His military resistance saved southwestern England from Viking occupation

king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor

was most important figure for providing Roman church with sense of direction; "Gregory the Great"; mobilized local resources and organized defense of Rome

Italian monk who created a set of rules for Western monasteries in the 6th century

twin sister of Benedict; devoted her life to the Church

group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis

capital of Charlemagne's empire, c. 800; a city in present-day Germany

official appointed by Charlemagne who investigated if the counties were obeying his rules

Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary

Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries

the lands ruled by Charlemagne

people of high rank who received land in exchange for their loyalty

a servant or attendant, especially one in the household of a person of high rank

a gift given for service performed, usually land

a large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord

a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

agricultural invention that allowed people to migrate to colder climates and produce more food

the government of the Roman Catholic Church

set of responsibilities taken by monasteries

basic guide for religious life and discipline in a monastery

third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression

a mongol who united mongol and Turkish tribes, began campaign west, using fear as a tactic

Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)

last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire

Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia (1336-1405)

most successful warrior and "founder" of Ottomans

a member of the Turkish-speaking ethnic group in Turkey, or, formerly, in the Ottoman Empire

large, circle-shaped tents made of animal hides, also called gurs

an alcoholic drink prepared from animal products by fermenting mare's milk into a potent concoction

medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers

a Mongol ruler

Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with Byzantine

the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)

site where Saljuq forces inflicted a devastating defeat on the Byzantine army in 1071

capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan, 1162 - 1227

"city of the khan"; previously ruled by Jurchens but was new capital for the Mongols

one of Chinggis Khan's sons whose descendents rued the khanate of Chaghatai

a Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century

the imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368

Abbasid empire toppled, Baghdad sacked, 1258

prominent place for magic and supernatural powers; recognized Mongol leaders as legitimate rulers

among the most important of the Mongols' allies were these people, who lived mostly in oasis cities along the silk roads; they were literate and often highly educated, and the Mongols needed that

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism

Muslims that took over Constantinople in 1453.

the largest city and former capital of Turkey

the founder of Mali empire, crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes

Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west Africa

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan

rebel slave that organized 15,000 Zanj slaves in 869 to revolt from Abbasid; Zanj Revolt was crushed in 883

Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire

elongated crescent-shaped yellow fruit with soft sweet flesh

a society that is based on the authority of kinship groups rather than on a central government

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links

Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

Pack animals that made cross-Sahara caravans possible

Prosperous capital city of the kingdom of Songhai, had caravan trade routes.

first of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa

Capital of Ghana which had 15,000 people with buildings of stone and more than a dozen mosques. Supported by a large number of qadi and Muslim scholars

Formed in 1240 when Sundiata took control of Ghana Empire. It controlled trade across Sahara, the South and the Niger River.

the most widely spoken Bantu languages

one of many trading cities on the East African coast

a landlocked republic in south central Africa formerly called Rhodesia

African social distinctions determined by when you were born. People belonging to a certain group had certain expectations. The groups established ties transcending family or clan loyalties.

led by Ali ibn-Muhamad; 15,000 slaves revolt for 14 years until it it ceased by Abbasids in 883

individuals who by virtue of their innate abilities or extensive training had the power to mediate between humanity and supernatural beings

a town of northern Ethiopia. From the first to the eighth century A.D. it was the capital of an empire that controlled much of northern Ethiopia

A string of Ethiopian rulers who claimed descent from David in an attempt to add biblical authority to their rule.

a people who invaded central Mexico and were ruled by a military class; had a capital city of Tula; influenced the Maya; introduced the working of gold and silver; spread the worship of their god Quetzalcoatl; destroyed in the AD 1100s

founded Tenochtitlan; regarded themselves as chosen people in charge of keeping the world from destruction

Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god

Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes

a member of any of about two dozen Native American peoples called pueblos by the Spanish because they live in villages built of adobe and rock

New York Indian tribe which

a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s

capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco; population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest; Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields

knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records

enormous earthen mound at Cahokia near East St. Louis, Illinois; built by Iroquois people for ceremonies or ritual performance

Polynesian ceremonial precinct and temple structure; often had several terraced floors

a chief or noble (hereditary) in Polynesian tribes

Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)

king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)

crowned Otto Holy Roman Emperor in 962

fought lay investiture by issuing a decree forbidding high-ranking clerics from receiving their investiture from lay leaders

the first Lancastrian king of England from 1399 to 1413

Holy Roman Emperor from 1152 to 1190

King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996)

invaded England in 1066, and introduced Norman principles of govt and land tenure to England

King of France (1226-1270), helped consolidate Capetian hold on French monarchy

Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII

scholastic theologian who blended Greek and Christian ideas

founded orders of beggars and worked to persuade heretics to return to the Roman Catholic Church

founded orders of beggars and worked to persuade heretics to return to the Roman Catholic Church

Pope called that for the crusade in 1198

Norwegian adventurer who founded a colony on Greenland

viking explorer who reached North America around 1000, before Columbus

led Norman adventures and counquered much of southern Italy against the Muslims

brother of Robert Guiscard, founded a state for himself in Italy and named it Sicily

pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims

french religious leader who led one of the bands of the first crusades

(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

the lands ruled by Charlemagne

A struggle between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope over who nominates clergymen. The Pope eventually won this struggle.

a Frankish dynasty founded by Hugh Capet that ruled from 987 to 1328

a member of a Viking people who raided and then settled in the French province later known as Normandy, and who invaded England in 1066

vast marketplaces in France where merchants from around Europe would gather

a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas

The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.

the medieval principles of knighthood

wandering poets; their love songs focused on cherishing and protecting women

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

Bishops and Archbishops organized these types of schools and invited well known scholars to serve as master teachers. Established formal curricula based on writings in Latin. Famous ones at Paris, Chatres, and Bologna.

Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities.

the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe

Sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

followers of christ who lived lives of holiness on earth and now share in eternal life with God in heaven

valued holy objects from the past, esp. Saints

journey to a religious site

people who led heretical movements against the church. They appealed to the biblical ideal of simplicity and separation from the world.

a Christian religious sect in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries

Scandinavian name for the land explored near present day Newfoundland

Order of knights devoted to Christianity and to fighting Muslims and pagans. Most active in Baltic region where they fought Slavs.

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)

The most active of Roman Catholic missionaries in China

First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)

Portuguese prince who started a school for sailors and sponsored early voyages of exploration

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

the king and queen of Spain, underwrote Columbus's voyage

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

A Muslim judge who renders decisions according to the Shari'ah, the canon law of Islam.

a Muslim who represents the mystical dimension of Islam

The first major center of Islam in Southeast Asia, a port kingdom on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula.

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (p. 462)

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

the imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

the revival of learning and culture

the cultural movement of the Renaissance