AP World History 2nd Semester Final Exam Study Guide

~Enlightenment ~humanism ~materialism- not a sin to have lots of money etc. ~art- had perspective; not all Church based ~look back at roots (Greeks, Romans)

Ideas: (what it was going against) ~Church had all power and was corrupt- kings were under it too Significance/Results: ~split Catholic Europe (Catholic and Protestant) ~new ideas ~tension=wars (like the French War) Response by Catholic Church: ~they thought the Protestants were wrong ~sent Jesuits

~wanted a divorce- Pope wouldn't allow it ~created the Act of Supremacy in 1534 which made him the "supreme head" of the Church of England ~made Bible required in all churches ~Church of England remained fully Catholic expect for Rome

~Protestantism emerged victorious during her reign ~Anglicanism took shape (a middle ground between Protestantism and Catholicism) ~appointed Protestant bishops but decided on keeping traditional clerics

~emphasized the importance of reason ~people started to doubt their beliefs (skepticism) due to natural laws ~starting point of new discoveries about physics ~philosophers like Galileo and Newton ~birth to rational thought

~ philosophers were optimistic that people were becoming more perfect due to reason ~thought natural laws were a basis for science and humans- included natural rights ~many revolutions were based on the Enlightenment

Absolutism: ~king controls everything ~monarchy has divine rights Constitutionalism: ~constitution (higher than president) ~congress/parliament (voting) ~certain rights

~Trans-Atlantic slave trade ~ mercantilism ~cash crops ~trade triangle between Africa, Europe, and the Americas

What they made them fit for Industrialization: ~natural resources (water ways and coal) ~huge work force ~money (Britain was a major trade center) Results: ~boom in children ~machines making work easier

~working class (proletariat) should overthrow the government ~classless society ~capitalism is bad

~increases schooling opportunities ~more jobs (in factories) ~idea of separation of spheres- women would keep the house clean and happy, men would come home from work and relax

~Enlightenment ~Glorious Revolution ~Britain raising taxes due to 7 Years War ~more mercantilism due to 7 Years War

Causes: ~Enlightenment ~successful American Rev. ~Three Estates ~Parliament hadn't been called in years Goals: ~more democratic government Outcomes: ~they failed terribly after the rev. ~napoleon took over ~good thing: middle class emerged ~ conservationists pretended like it never happened, restored monarchy, and restricted freedoms (of speech, etc.)

~dating ~later ages for marriage ~birth control and abortions were available ~"Age of Steel" ~medicinal breakthroughs (anesthesia) ~women's rights

~south toward the Black Sea- encountered Ottoman Empire (Turks) ~usually went for warm water ports

~both wanted a port on warm water ~both wanted to be more "Westernized" in the sense of industrialization but not politically

~took the side of conservatives in the conservative vs liberalism debate ~liberal=voting-- which was BAD ~liberal=revolutionary=NAPOLEON FROM FRANCE-- REALLY BAD ~tsars wanted to keep all of the power ~expansion ~wanted to modernize without political ideas

~serfs- tied to land- freed in 1860's ~poor ~new laws in 1700's gave nobles more power over the peasants ~redemption- had to work to earn their land

~foreign investment ~Trans-Siberian railroad ~government sponsorship

~Peninsulares- Europe born ~Creoles-born in Americas but still pure European ~Mulattoes and Mestizos- mixed ~Native Americans and Slaves

~mercantilism ~cash crops ~social classes

~Spanish out ~democracy, representative government ~common people wanted social classes gone ~had everything except for the third goal :(

Politics and Economics: ~Neocolonialism ~foreign investment ~cash crops ~didn't industrialize

~did have slaves ~most were captured in battle ~temporary slavery was common for crimes ~slaves could work to but their freedom ~children of slaves weren't automatically slaves

~Africans were thought to be inferior to Europeans ~mostly used in colonies for labor in plantations etc. ~millions of slaves were brought to the American colonies

~slavery was booming ~kings were rich by selling their people ~lots of political instability ~no real empires/states

~Dutch settlers came ~ emancipation of slaves in 1833 ~Anglo-Boer War (South-African War) in 1899-1902

~raw materials ~more civilization (no more slavery) ~nationalism (proves your a great country) ~better transportation and communication

~imperialism ~make profit for mother country ~tried to stop ethnic conflict

~civil service exam ~advanced commercial development ~internal trade ~Confucianism

~Taiping Rebellion in 1851. ~Third Pandemic of Bubonic plague in 1855 ~Second Opium War in 1856. ~Tianjin Massacre ~ Sino-French War in 1884. ~First Sino-Japanese War in 1894

~wanted a new government

~prevent Western influence

~democracy ~no more social classes ~intensive westernization ~extreme military growth

~redefined borders to include islands ~took Korea and Taiwan

~main goal was expansion ~advanced military

~established the East India company ~too control of all trading posts ~used Indian soldiers ~made treaties w Indian kings

~imperialism ~militarism ~nationalism ~ assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ~alliances

~trench warfare ~assassination of Franz ~alliances more on #38

~money and land from Germany

~UK mandates Mesopotamia (Iraq) ~give Jews land

~Russian Parliament ~Lenin tried Communism- gave land to peasants, wiped out foreign debt, got out of WW1

~accept Soviet aid in 1920 ~Mao Zedong- autumn harvest uprising

~tried to raise tariffs- reduce global trade ~cut spending

~industrial and military power ~lots of deaths ~five year plans ~secret police

~expansion ~appeasement

~wanted no war ~league of nations ~b and f wanted Germany to be punished

~war reparations ~big three took control of these countries and tried to make them stable again

~Truman Doctrine of Containment ~Marshall Plan-aid to Europe

~many countries were economically weak ~Britain didn't to risk relations w US ~no more colonial uprisings

~weak ~opposed by LoN ~people weren't happy

~decolonizing ~ devastated

~poor, weak ~US had to hold it up ~falling apart ~now its strong

~wanted to overthrow all power ~everyone work together

~Israel took more land after Palestine and friends attacked

~war ~trench warfare

~increased nationalism ~looked at India ~no struggle

~were a lot like their mother countries ~still trade w mother countries ~nationalism ~kept their cash crops

~wan't affected much ~kept cash crops