AP European History Exam

The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally

No identifiable subject matter. Expresses feelings of artists. Emphasized spontaneous personal expression, freedom from accepted artistic values. Pollack

1701 act of Parliament uniting England and Scotland into one kingdom: Great Britain. Intended to strengthen England against France. Abolished the Scottish Parliament.

The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government (1876-1967)

Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632)

Moroccan Crisis: The site of the landing of the German gunboat in Morocco in 1911. William II tried to force the French to make concessions to Germany in Africa. Like the first crisis, this one drew Britain and France closer together

1650-1789, a purposeful attempt by European rulers to attend their royal or dynastic control over all aspects of life in the lands they ruled

time between 1918 and 1950 when the meaning of lifewas being questioned around the world because of the harsh brutality of World War I, impersonal attitudes, pessimism for future

period of time in Europe in which reactionaries ruled. During which there was a lot ot opposition and revolt from countries trying to establish their own freedom such as Poland and Greece

first phase of the french revolution-tennis court oath, national assembly, etc

second phase of the French Revolution-Republic, execution of Louis, Committee of Public Safety, Reign of Terror, Thermidorian Rebellion, Directory

The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled

Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government (1855-1881)

Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia (1881-1894)

Moroccan Crisis: The site of the 1906 conference in Spain at which German involvement in Morocco was rebuffed by Britain and France acting in unison

An eight-year struggle by Algeria to secure independence from French colonial control; the goal was finally achieved in 1962

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

France prior to the French Revolution

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938

The making of concessions to an adversary in the hope of avoiding conflict. The term is most often used in reference to the meeting between Hitler and British prime minister Chamberlain in Munich, where agreement was made, in September 1938, to cede the Sudetenland (the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia) to Germany

He believed that Christianity's premises and date came from divine revelation rather than from empirical observation. Theology was considered a science, and he was a scholastic. Wrote Summa Theologica

The geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century B.C. to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with the church teachings and Scriptures

Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England (1588)

An order issued to the Russian military when the provisional government was armed. It deprived officers of their authority and placed power in elected committees of common soldiers. This led to the collapse of army discipline

Provision of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for World War I

Invented the water frame and steam engine

Alliance between Thatcher, Kohl, and Reagan over the control of the Atlantic

The joint declaration, in August 1941, by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the free world; self-determination, free choice of government, equal opportunities for all nations for trade, permanent system of general security and disarmament

He gave science a progressionist bias. Science has as a practical purpose the goal of human improvement. His greatest achievement was persuading others that scientific thought must conform to empirical experience. Wrote Novum Organum

Radical Russian, advocated revolutionary violence. He believed that revolutionary movements should be led by secret societies who would seize power, destroy the state, and create a new social order (1814-1876)

First European to reach the Pacific Ocean

Fees that French peasants were obligated to pay landlords for the use of the village mill, bakeshop, and winepress

The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter-Reformation. Characterized by violent movement, strong emotion and dramatic lighting and color. Rembrant, Caravaggio

The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Parisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of the troops at Versailles

Wrote Dictionary. A religous skeptic who attacked superstition, religous attitudes, and dogmatism.

Existentialist and feminist who has written on the psychology and social position of women (1908-1986)

Author of Of Crime and Punishment. He attacked both torture and capital punishment. He believed criminal justice should ensure speedy trial and sure punishment which was intended to deter further crime. Law was to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of human beings

Hitler's attempt, in 1923, to overthrow the Weimar Republic when he fired his pistol in the ceiling of a Munich beer hall

(1770-1827) French, purely Romantic composer, transformed the art of music. Used music to convey his feelings of what was going on in the world around him, such as the many French revolutions of that time; Third Symphony, also called the Eroica (originally written for Napoleon) and Ninth Symphony, composed when he was completely deaf

British theorist and philosopher known for his work, Principles of Morals and Legislation, proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number (1748-1832)

Concrete barrier constructed by the Soviets in August 1961 between West Berlin and East Berlin to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West (In 1990, the wall was torn down.)

Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet- i.e., by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliament and securing electoral victories for his party (the SDP) (1850-1932)

Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel

Document declaring that sovereignty resided with the Parliament (1689)

Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule (1815-1898)

The bubonic plague that struck Europe in the mid-fourteenth century and killed from one third to one half of the population before it ran its course after 1600

The Serbian secret society alleged to be responsible for assassinating Archduke Francis Ferdinand (Princeps)

The private army of Mussolini

Wrote the Organization of Work (1840) which proposed the use of competition to eliminate competition. It was the first step toward a future socialist society. Advocated the principle of "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs."

Reference to the full support provided by William II to Austria-Hungary in its conflict with Serbia. Also refers to the promise of support given by Russia to Serbia to develop of Slavic state

A lightning war using planes, tanks, artillery, and mechanized infantry to knock out the opponent swiftly

His works portrayed lecherous friars, ambitious merchants, and a frankly acquisitive, sensual and secular society. Wrote Decameron

Left-wing, revolutionary Marxists headed by Lenin (majority men)

He held fast to the Old Testament belief that rulers were divinely appointed by and answerable only to God. Wrote Politics Drawn of Holy Scripture

Russian noble

Chancellor of West Germany in the late 1960s; he sought to improve relations with the states of Eastern Europe (1913-)

Pious laypeople in sixteenth-century Holland who initiated a religious revival in their model of Christian living

Soviet leader who helped oust and then replace Khrushchev (1907-1982)

Policy proclaimed in 1968 and declaring that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any Socialist country whenever it determined there was a need

Hitler's private army of supporters, also known as the SA (Sturm Abteilung)

The upper house, or Federal Council, of the German Diet (legislature)

Member of the British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought (1729-1797)

Politically active students around 1815 in the German States proposing unification and democratic principles

List of grievances that each Estate drew up in preparation for the summoning of the Estates-General in 1789

A French theologian who established a theocracy in the Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination. Bible is the sole word of God. Helped create the protestant work ethic. Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (1509-1564)

French existentialist who stated that in spite of the general absurdity of human life, individuals could make rational sense out of their own existence through meaningful personal decision making (1913-1960)

Italian secret societies calling for a unified Italy and republicanism after 1815

Repressive laws in the German States limiting freedom of speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities (1819)

He knew that the ideal man was many talented, including artistic, intellectual and physical skills. Wrote regarding manners. Wrote Book of the Courtier

Law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again (1913)

The wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons (1547-1589)

An "enlightened despot" of Russia whose political policies of reform were aborted under pressure of rebellion by serfs (1762-1796)

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself. (1545-1563)

Enabled Catholics to hold public office for the first time (1829)

A goldsmith and sculptor who wrote an autobiography, famous for its arrogance and immodest self-praise (1500-1571)

Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament to a head and was consequently executed (1625-1649)

Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum (1660-1685)

Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands. He was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation (1519-1556)

The secret police under Lenin and his Communist Party

A Holy Synod that replaced the office of patriarch. All of its members (lay and religious) had to swear allegiance to the czar

Middle class (bourgeois) doctrine indebted to the writings of the philosophes, the French Revolution, and the popularization of the Scientific Revolution. Its political goals were self government; a written constitution; natural rights (speech, religion, press, property, mobility); limited suffrage; its economic goals were laissez-faire

The codification and condensation of laws assuring legal equality and uniformity in France

The financial minister under the French king Louis XIV who promoted mercantilist policies (1619-1683)

An intense conflict between the superpowers using all means short of a military might to achieve their respective ends

First European to sail to the West Indies, 1492 (1446-1506)

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795

Another name for the European Economic Community, which created a free-trade area among the Western European countries

a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

History is divided into three stages: theological, works by God's will; metaphysical, works by natural law; scientific, forget generalizations and stick to facts. Wrote The Course of Positive Philosophy

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

Napoleon's arrangement with Pope Pius VII to heal religious division in France with a united Catholic church under bishops appointed by the government

Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right for the government to nominate all French bishops and abbots (1516)

Author of Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind

A mercenary soldier of a political ruler

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Formerly the Tory Party, headed by Disraeli in the nineteenth century

Also known as the Cadets, the party of the liberal bourgeoisie in Russia

The theory that power should be shared between rulers and their subjects, and the state governed according to laws

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding importation of British goods into Europe

Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe in place of a geocentric universe (1473-1543)

Repealed in 1846. They had imposed a tariff on imported grain and were a symbolic protection of aristocratic landholdings

Conquerer of the Aztecs, 1519-1521

Road work; obligation of French peasants to landowners

An economic alliance, founded in 1949, to coordinate the economic affairs of the Soviet Union and its satellite countries.

The new government set up by Lenin following the Red Guard seizure of government buildings on November 6, 1917

The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545-1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with Protestants

Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve the unification of Italy (1810-1861)

Government should be directed by scientists, not politicians, who understood the operation of the modern industrial economy. Government should serve interests of the people. Wrote The New Christianity

Overthrow of those in power

French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes (1819-1877)

Conflict ostensibly waged to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, in actuality to gain a foothold in the Black Sea. Turks, Britain, and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris (1856) forfeited Russia's right to maintain a war fleet in the Black Sea. Russia also lost the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia (1853-1856)

The principal leader and a gentry member of the Puritans in Parliament (1559-1658)

The November 1938 destruction, by Hitler's brown Shirts and mobs, of Jewish shops, homes, and synagogues

Employs an analytical vision based on fragmentation and multiple viewpoints. Attempts to break down nature into basic geometric forms (cubes, rectangles, triangles, etc.) Braque, Picasso

Horrified by WWI, artists rebelled against Western Civilization art. Rejects accepted aesthetic standards. Creates anti-art, often employing a sense of the absurd. Irrational, nonsensical, outrageous. Duchamp

British scientist whose Origin of Species (1859) proposed the theory of evolution based on his biological research. He argued that chance differences among members of a species help some to survive while others die (1809-1882)

The provision of U.S. loans to Germany to help meet reparation payments, which were also reduced (1924)

Magyar, who forced Franz Joseph to agree to the Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich) which created the Dual Monarchy of Austria- Hungary (1803-1876)

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence

Russian revolutionaries calling for constitutional reform in the early nineteenth century

The 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. The plot failed, but the ideals remained

Document that embodied the liberal revolutionary ideals and general principles of the philosophes' writings (August 27, 1789)

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947-1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence

The hurtling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War

The belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork. God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny

This French painter was important to French Romantic art. He often used his painting to convey a political message, and he is best known for his painting depicting the socialist revolution of 1830: Liberty Leading the People.

Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures

social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor

Reference to the period of relaxation or thaw in relations between the superpowers during Khrushchev's rule in the Soviet Union

The idea, according to Karl Marx, that change and development in history results from the conflict between social classes. Economic forces impel human beings to behave in socially determined ways

First European to reach the southern tip of Africa, 1487-1488

English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)

One of the authors of the Encyclopedia

Radical groups in England in the 1650s who called for the abolition of private ownership and extension of the franchise

The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power (1795-1799)

Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to the working class. Added the Suez Canal to English overseas holdings (1804-1881)

The belief that the monarch's power derives from God and represents Him on Earth

The manufacture of goods in the household setting, a production system that gave way to the factory system

Russian novelist who wrote of human suffering with humor and psychological insight (1821-1881)

A battleship with increased speed and power over conventional warships, developed by both Germany and Great Britain to increase their naval arsenals. Carried 10 300mm guns mounted in 5 turrets

French Jewish army captain unfairly convicted of espionage in a case that lasted from 1894 to 1906 (1859-1935)

An 1867 compromise between the Germans of Austria-Bohemia and the Magyars of Germany to resolve the nationalities problem by creating the empire of Austria and the kingdom of Hungary, with a common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, and war

Military leader sent by Philip II to pacify the Low Countries

Russian national legislature

Government-chartered joint-stock company organized in 1602 that controlled the spice trades in the East Indies

The edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots the rights of public worship and religious toleration in France (1598)

King of England who was crowned at the age of 13 on the death of his father Edward IV but was immediately confined to the Tower of London where he and his younger brother were murdered (1470-1483)

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.

King of England from 1901 to 1910; son of Victoria and Prince Albert; famous for his elegant sporting ways (1841-1910)

1936 Served in the First World War and wanted to marry an American and was forced to abdicate the throne to do so. 325 day rule was one of the shortest and he was never crowned king. He was accused of pro Nazi feelings and was forced to the Bahamas as governor.

Protestant ruler of England who helped stabilize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations (1558-1603)

daughter of George VI who became the Queen of England and Northern Ireland in 1952 on the death of her father (1926-)

The imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia and, on paper, freed the peasants. In actuality they were collectively responsible for redemption payments to the government for a number of years (1861)

The carefully edited dispatch by Bismarck to the French ambassador Benedetti that appeared to be insulting and thus requiring retaliation by France for the seeming affront to French honor

Article 48 of the Weimar constitution, which enabled Hitler to issue decrees carrying the force of law

Before both world wars, the policy of other European countries that, Germany claimed, prevented German expansion, denying it the right to acquire it "living room" (Lebensraum)

Collaborator with Karl Marx. He was a textile factory owner and supplied Marx with the hard data for his economic writings, most notably Das Kapttal (1867) (1820-1895)

The intellectual revolution of eighteenth century in which the philosophies stressed reason, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices

The 1904 "gentlemen's agreement" between France and Britain establishing a close understanding

Although a Catholic he believed that many priests had distorted the simple teaching of Christ. He admired clear honest thinking and disliked intolerance and persecution. Wrote In Praise of Folly

The French national assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy the financial crisis and correct abuses of the ancien regime

Organized by Jean Monnet (1888-1979) it called for an integration of the coal and steel industries of France and West Germany. It finally added Italy and the Benelux states

Organization, begun on January 1, 1958, including France, German Federal Republic, Italy, and the Benelux nations. By 1966 it would eliminate all customs barriers between countries, would set up a common tariff policy on imports, and would gradually remove all restrictions on the movement of workers and capital

An association of Western European nations agreeing to favor each other in respect to tariffs. Members were Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Portugal, Switzerland, and Great Britain. Sometimes referred to as the Outer Seven- i.e., outside the Common Market; formed in 1959

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

A label for widely different revolts against traditional philosophy, stressing choice, freedom, decision, and anguish, and emerging strongly during and after the World War II years

Uses emphasis and distortion to communicate emotion. Bold, shocking, unrealistic color. Depressing tone usually

Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change

Limited children's and adolescents work week in textile factories in England (1833)

Muslim armies conquered Constantinople in 1453 and invaded Eastern Europe and brought the end to Christian dominance in the East. (1453)

the soviet union's weakening economy along with great discrepancies between worker's wages and the privileges their leaders enjoyed, led the the breakup of the soviet union.

The political and economic methods of Mussolini in Italy. The name comes from the fasces or bundle of rods tied around an axe, the symbol of authority in ancient Rome

Leader of the factory workers who assembled before the czar's palace to petition him on January 1905 (Bloody Sunday)

Means "wild beast". Bold, shocking color. Joyous tone, usually. Matisse

Battlefield photographer of the Crimean War

A decentralized political system in which lords and their vassals, both members of the aristocracy, allied to fight wars and defend territorial gains

German writer who believed that the German spirit was nobler and purer than that of other peoples (1762-1814)

Government established in France in October 1958, made after a new French consitution gave more power to the president. Charles De Gaulle was the first president of the Fifth French Republic. De Gaulle soon started a long retreat from Algeria

Hitler's policy of virulent anti-Semitism, culminating in the Holocaust, the genocide of six million Jews and other peoples

Name given to the Holy Roman Empire from 963-1806

Government established in France from 1793-1804, French republic springing from Jacobin party and the Convention. more rights to women than ever before (does execute Olympe Gouges).

French Novelist, Realism, stories of middleclass france struggle against society, Madame Bovary

A leading utopian socialist known for his work, Theory of Four Movements, who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing the private property and monogamous marriage as well (1772-1837)

Wilson's peace plans calling for freedom of the seas, arms reduction, and the right of self-determination for ethnic groups

Government established in France from 1946-1958, The French government set up after World War II; Had a weak president, strong legislature, and too many parties

This was the man who starting absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler.

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler

The "Soldier's King", who built a strong Prussian army and infused military values into Prussian society (160-1688)

King of Prussia who promised and later reneged on his promises for constitutional reforms in 1848 (1840-1861)

Supporters of General de Gaulle who refused to acknowledge the French armistice in 1940. In 1944, de Gaulle's Committee of National Liberation was proclaimed and recognized as the French provisional government

An economic theory or policy of the absence of restrictions or tariffs on goods imported into a country. There is no "protection" in the form of tariffs against foreign competition

Organized body for scientific study. founded in the 1600s

after Henry II died there was a power struggle between three noble families for the Crown. Many nobles who had converted to Calvinism wanted to gain independence from the crown, resulting in feudal disorder. At least nine wars occured in the late 1500s as a result. (1562-1594)

The style in seventeenth-century art and literature stressing discipline, balance, and restraint and thus resembling the arts in the ancient world and in the Renaissance- e.g., the works of Poussin, Moliere, and Racine

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Viennese psychoanalyst known for his work, Interpretation of Dreams, who postulated that much of human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs. He (1856-1939)

The last aristocratic revolt against a French monarch, specifically nobility-led riots against the monarchy between 1648-1660

Italian scientist who formulated terrestrial laws and the modern law of inertia; he also provided evidence for the Copernican hypothesis (1564-1642)

Soldier of fortune who amassed his "Red Shirt" army to bring Naples and Sicily into a unified Italy (1807-1882)

The leader of the Christian Democrats in Italy, he was committed to democracy and moderate social reform (1881-1954)

First president of the French Fifth Republic and former head of the Free French movement in World War II (1890-1970)

1700's was a German Protestant prince who spoke no English, therefore completely let Parliament have control and started the Cabinet, which was a handful of Parliament advisers

A king of Britain who knew little of the workings of the British government and relied on Walpole and Pitt the Elder

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

(1820-1830) This son of George III succeeded his father after ruling as regent for the last years of his insane father's life. For most of his regency and reign, Lord Liverpool controlled the government as prime minister. He was deemed selfish, unreliable, irresponsible and a spendthrift and not terribly respected by the British people.

1910-1936 Served in the Royal Navy and was King during WWI. Changed the name of the house Saxe Coburg to Windsor as a result of anti German feelings.

King of Great Britain and Ireland and emperor of India from 1936 to 1947

British Liberal Party leader and prime minister, a chief rival of Disraeli. Gladstone's ministry included reforms in public education, civil service exams, and secret balloting (1809-1898)

Gorbachev used the term to explain his new policy of "openness" in allowing Russians more freedom to dissent

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689 when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange

His work demonstrated the deep spiritual problems that Europeans would encounter as the traditional moral and religious values of Christianity were abandoned. Wrote Dr. Faustus

was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world.

1500 - 1600. Newfound wealth from American explorations bring in high point of Spanish military might, art and culture.

Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Wanting reform, he renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine, pulled troops out of Afghanastan, supported Glasnost, and urged perestroika; but all this failed.

The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives

He tried to prove that such a thing as a natural law existed and that states were bound by it, first to propose the concept of a "united nations" and believed war should be outlawed. Wrote Law of War and Peace

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (1337-1453)

Chief minister under Louis Philippe. His repression led to the revolution of 1848 (1787-1874)

Forced labor camps set up by Stalin for political dissidents

The legal protection that prohibits the imprisonment of a subject without demonstrated cause

a royal German family that provided rulers for several European states and wore the crown of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 to 1806

Believed that Thesis vs. Antithesis leads to synthesis. Wrote Philosophy of Right

The idea, according to G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831). a German philosopher, that social change results from the conflict of opposite ideas. The thesis is confronted by the antithesis, resulting in a synthesis, which then becomes a new thesis. The process is evolutionary. marx turned Hegel "upside down" and made class conflict, not ideas, the force driving history forward

Sponsor of voyages along West African coasts 1418

Ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism "Paris is worth the mass!" (1589-1610)

king of England during the Hundred Years' War who forced Charles VI to sign away his kingdom and took his daughter, Katherine, in marriage

weak king of England who could not control the local lords, was defeated in a civil war

Takes throne from Yorks (Richard III) in Battle of Bosworth Fields. Has a weak claim to the throne. Creates the Court of Star Chamber and takes power away from the nobles by taking away their armies. does not want to participate in wars. marries Richard III's sister, Elizabeth

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Forerunner of the German Romantic movement who believed that each people shared a national character, or Volksgeist (1774-1803)

President of the Weimar Germany, who appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933; formerly a general in World War I (1847-1934)

Japanese city on which the United States dropped an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945

The Nazi leader who came to power legally in Germnay in 1933. he set up a totalitarian dictatorship and led Germany into World War II (1889-1945)

Political theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on his concept of an anarchic state of nature (1588-1679)

An alliance envisioned by Alexander I of Russia by which those in power were asked to rule in accord with Christian Principles

The Italian dynasty ruling the independent state of Piedmont-Sardinia. Its head was King Victor Emmanuel II

French Calvanists

The recovery and study of classical authors and writings

Author of An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding

Attempt by students and workers to liberalize the Communist regime and break off military alliance with the Soviet Union (1956)

Czech priest who was burned at the stake for rejecting and questioning certain church doctrines, such as transubstantiation (1369-1415)

The acquisition and administration of colonial areas, usually in the interests of the administering country (The Second Age of Exploration)

Focuses on transitory visual impressionism, Often painted directly from nature, emphasizing the changing effects of light and color. Renoir

Financial demands placed on loser nations

The bill passed by the German Reichstag that legitimated Bismarck's unconstitutional collection of taxes to modernize the army in 1863 (1867)

A list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read

The emphasis on the unique and creative personality

Emphasis on experimentation and scientific method

Papal pardon for remission of sins that is bought

A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution

The period of Cromwellian rule (1649-1660) between the Stuart rules of Charles I and Charles II

Stressed forms of classical antiquity and a realistic representation of space based on scientific perspective and secular subjects. Da Vinci

The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom. From then on he worked at extending his territories, subduing the nobles, and attaining absolute power (1462-1505)

Earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia (1533-1584)

The dominant group in the National Convention in 1793 who replaced the Girondins. It was headed by Robespierre

Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings (1603-1625)

Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy (1685-1688)

German existentialist seeing all people as equally co-responsible for the terrors and injustices of the world (1883-1969)

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

French revisionist socialist who was assassinated for his pacifist ideals at the start of World War I (1859-1914)

Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality. Wrote Critique of Pure Reason

Invented the flying shuttle

Document, signed by fifteen countries, that "condemned and renounced war as an instrument of national policy."

Soviet leader who denounced Stalin's rule and brought a temporary thaw in the superpowers' relations (1894-1971)

Calvinist leader in the sixteenth-century Scotland (1505-1572)

An independent and propertied Russian farmer

Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with the Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies

The British party that replaced the Liberals in the early twentieth century and championed greater social equality for the working classes through the efforts of labor unions

The economic concept of the Scottish philosophe Adam Smith (1723-1790). In opposition to mercantilism, the government's role in the economy was one of non-interference

Leader of the revisionist socialists who hoped to achieve socialism through the ballot rather than the bullet. They agreed to work within the framework of the existing government (1825-1864)

Pact that provided recognition by Mussolini of the Vatican and a large sum of money to the church as well (1929)

The fixing of prices on bread and other essentials under Robespierre's rule

A proposal included in Wilson's Fourteen Points to establish and international organization to settle disputes and avoid future wars

a French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791.

The Bolshevik leader who made the Marxist revolution in November 1917 and modified orthodox Marxism in doing so (1870-1924), Believed in Marxist Socialism: 1) Believed capitalism must be destroyed. 2) A social revolution was possible in backward Russia. 3) The need for highly trained workers partly controlled by revolutionaries like himself.

He condemned socialism and Marxism for its atheism and opposition to private property. Insisted on the moral obligation of employers to pay a living wage to workers. Wrote Rerum Novarum

The creation, under the Jacobins, of a citizen army with support from young and old, heralding the emergence of modern warfare

Formerly the Whig Party, headed by Gladstone in the nineteenth century

Pact that secured the frontier between Germany and France and Germany and Belgium. It also provided for mutual assistance by France and Italy if Germany invaded its border countries (1925)

Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution with the argument that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property. His most important works are Two Treatises on Government and Essay on Human Understanding (1632-1704)

Also known as the "Sun King"; the ruler of France who established the supremacy of absolutism in seventeenth-century Europe (1643-1715)

British merchant liner carrying ammunition and passengers that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915. The loss of 139 American lives on board was a factor bringing the United States into World War I

German theologist who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the unity of the Roman Catholic world (1483-1546)

The chief foundations of all states are good taws and good arms (synonymous with deception, unscrupulous and cunning) The ends justify the means. Wrote The Prince

Circumnavigator of the globe, 1519-1522

He believed that the future of military power lay in the navy. Wrote Influence of Seapower on History

English parson whose Essay on Population (1798) argued that population would always increase faster than the food supply

The economic base of feudalism; in brief, the economic system in which the serfs worked the fields of the manorial lord and provided the material wherewithal to support the noble class

Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary, who lost the Hapsburg possession of Silesia to Frederick the Great but was able to keep her other Austrian territories (1740-1780)

Program that advanced more than $11 billion for European recovery to sixteen Western nations from 1947-1953; the final cost to the United States was $20 billion

German philosopher and founder of Marxism, known for his work, Das Kapital, created the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development. He believed in the rise of the proletariat (1818-1883)

1553-1558 AD. Catholic queen of England married to Philip II of Spain. Daughter of Catherine of Aragorn. Executed hundred of Protestants when they refused to convert.

Idealistic patriot devoted to the principle of united and republican Italy in a world of free states (1852-1870)

Work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923; the book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non-Aryans

Right-wing or moderate Marxists willing to cooperate with the bourgeoisie (minority men)

Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the Congress of Vienna (1773-1859)

British philosopher who published On Liberty (1859), advocating individual rights against government intrusion, and The Subjection of Women (1869), on the cause of women's rights (1806-1873)

Village commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the government

Man's place within the universe lies somewhere between beasts and angels, but there are no limits to what he can accomplish. Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man

(1533-1592) The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay.

Author of Spirit of the Laws and Persian Letters. Geography and climate determine the form of government. Believed in separation of powers

Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England, executed by Henry VIII for his refusal to acknowledge publicly his king as Supreme Head of the Church Clergy of England. He believed that the basic problems of society were caused by greed. Law should exalt mercy above justice. Citizens who live by reason will live a nearly perfect life. Wrote Utopia (1478-1535)

Former premier of Italy and leader of the Christian Democratic Party who was assassinated by a terrorist group in 1978

Confrontations in 1906 and 1911 between Germany and the nations of France and England over William II's interest in colonial gains in Africa

The founder and leader of the Italian Fascist Party (1883-1945)

Japanese city on which the United States dropped an atomic bomb on August 9, 1945, bringing the Japanese surrender and an end to World War II

Hungarian Communist Party leader who attempted to end association with the USSR which lead to the 1956 Hungarian revolt (1896-1958)

Consul and later emperor of France (1799-1815), who established several of the reforms (Code Napoleon) of the French Revolution during his dictatorial rule (1769-1821)

Nephew of Napoleon I; he came to power as president of the Second French Republic in 1848 (1808-1873)

The former Louis Napoleon, who became president of united and republican Italy in a world of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'etat, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire (1852-1870)

the era in which Napoleon ruled as First Consul, then Emperor; organized French law; made trade easier; recognized French banks; encouraged industry and technology. Also known as "Age of Voltaire"

Wars between Napoleon and the rest of Europe, which helped spread the ideas of the French Revolution.

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)

The third estate of the Estates General -broke from the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups.

The shared belief among peoples of a common heritage, culture, and customs, and speaking a similar language (there may be dialectic differences)

The political party of Adolf Hitler

Laws that exist outside and above all people and are discovered by reason

An agreement between Hitler and Stalin to remain neutral if the other went to war, also, German acknowledgment of Russia's sphere of influence in the Baltics and a secret clause agreeing to the division and takeover of Poland

Elegant, balanced works imitated the order and harmony of ancient Greek and Roman art. David

The practice of rewarding relatives with church positions

Plan introduced by Lenin after the Russian civil war. Essentially it was a tactical retreat from war communism, allowing some private ownership among the peasants to stimulate agrarian production

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War

The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority, often by Machiavellian means

English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law (1642-1727)

The last czar of the Romanov dynasty, whose government collapsed under the pressure of World War I (1894-1917)

German philosopher and forerunner of the modern existentialist movement known for his work, The Will to Power; he stressed the role of the Ubermensch or Superman, who would rise above the common herd of mediocrity, the will to power, transvaluation of values, God is dead (1844-1900)

Date of the declaration by the more liberal aristocrats and bourgeoisie of the National Assembly at a secret meeting to abolish feudal regime in France

Military alliance founded in 1949, between the United States and Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, and Italy; later, Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined

Similar to Italian Renaissance Art, but less secular. Brughel

British feminist whose legal persistence resulted in the Married Women's Property Act (1883), which gave married women the same property rights as unmarried women (1808-1877)

Measures that excluded Jews from white-collar professions and from marriage and habitation with non-Jews (1935)

Proceedings held after 1945 to convict German military and civilian leaders of "crimes against humanity" for their role in the extermination of the Jews and other peoples

Irish advocate for the Penal Laws against Catholics. Tried to have repealed the Act of Union of 1800, which linked Britain and Ireland legislatively. His election to Parliament for the passage of the 1829 Catholic Emancipation Act which declared Catholics were eligible for Public Office (1775-1847)

Characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations.

Utopian socialist who improved health and safety conditions in mills, increased worker's wages and reduced hours. Dreamed of establishing socialist communities the most notable was New Harmony (1826) which failed (1771-1858)

British suffragette and founder of the Women's Social and Political Union (1858-1928)

The movement to unite Slavs in the Balkans

The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war (March-May 1871) with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic, set up after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War

Legislation that deprived the House of Lords of veto power in all money matters (realistically curtails the power of the House of Lords)

French law court staffed by nobles that could register or refuse to register a king's edict in Old Regime France

Legislation that deprived the House of Lords of veto power in all money matters

Elected to Parliament in 1875 he came to prominence by obstructing other legislation to gain a hearing for home rule for Ireland. In 1885 his party won 86 seats, exactly the number of votes separating the Liberals (335) from the Conservatives (249). This forced Gladstone to announce his support for a Home Rule Bill

He believed that the gap between Christianity and natural science was great. Man was not the physical center of the world, but his mind had penetrated the world's laws. he said man was merely a reed, but a thinking reed. Wrote Pensees (Thoughts)

Russian author of Dr. Zhivago, a novel condemning the brutality of the Stalin era (1890-1960)

The thaw in cold war tensions between the superpowers

The promise Lenin made to his supporters on his arrival in April 1917 in Russia after his exile abroad (in Germany)

Document in which Charles V officially recognized Lutheranism as a religion in the Holy Roman Empire that a ruler or free city had the liberty to choose for all subjects in the region (1555)

The pact concluding the War of Spanish Succession forbidding the union of France, and conferring control of Gibraltar on England (1713)

The treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany; it allowed each prince- whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist- to choose the established creed of his territory (1648)

The thaw in cold war tensions between the superpowers

Napoleon's long-drawn-out war with Spain (1808-1813)

The Romanov czar who initiated the westernization of Russian society by traveling to the West and incorporating techniques of manufacturing as well as manners and dress(1682-1725)

Parliamentary document that restricted the king's power. Most notably, it called for recognition of the writ of habeus corpus and held that only Parliament could impose taxes (1628)

He believed in reviving an interest in the classics, he wrote sonnets expressing a romantic love, and an appreciation of nature. Wrote A Letter to Boccaccio: Literary Humanism

The St. Petersburg, or Petrograd, council of workers, soldiers, and intellectuals who shared power with the provisional government

Gorbachev's policy of "restructuring" which included reducing the direct involvement of the Communist Party leadership in the day to day governing of the nation. It was a decentralization of economic planning and controls

The first woman to be executed for a political crime in Russia. She was a member of a militant movement that assassinated Czar Alexander II in 1881

Son and successor to Charles V, ruling Spain and the Low Countries (1556-1598)

Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason and critical analysis

Early advocates of laissez-faire economics

Conquerer of Peru, 1532-1533

The holding of several benefices, or church offices

wrote The Raven, had a morbid sensibility, questioned human goodness and died at an early age from alcoholism

British legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid

Imagery from popular culture. Uses images and techniques of mass media, advertising- often in an ironic way. Warhol, Hockney

The July-August 1945 meeting of Truman, Stalin, and Clement Atlee of Great Britain, at which disagreements arose over the permanent borders of Germany and free elections in the East European countries. Stalin refused to hold free elections, in fear of anti-Soviet governments

Nineteenth century painters, who were dissatisfied with the limits of impressionism. Uses bold colors; some distortion of shapes. Munch, Van Gough

The liberal reforms introduced by Alexander Dubeck, the Czechoslovak Communist Party secretary. On August 20, 1968, twenty thousand troops from the Soviet Union and its satellite countries occupied Prague to undo the reforms

The temporary government established after the abdication of Nicholas II (1881-1970), from March until Lenin's takeover in November 1917

Head of the bloody peasant revolt in 1773 that convinced Catherine the Great to throw her support to the nobles and cease internal reforms (1726-1775)

A reference to the English Civil War (1642-1646), waged to determine whether sovereignty would reside in the monarch or in Parliament

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization

Forcible and illegitimate attempt to seize power

Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; France joined in 1818

Leader of the Physiocrats who thought that land was the source of all wealth and supported laissez-faire economies.

A satirical fantasy in which he considers the questions of philosophy, education, and politics, expressing his faith in individuals and their ability to lead good lives. Wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel

Total reconstruction of laws, courts; abolish royalty. Very democratic

The purpose of the historian is not to judge the past, in order to instruct the present, but only to show what actually occurred. One should not praise nor condemn an epoch. "Every age is immediate to God." Wrote Criticism of New Historians

An uneducated Siberian preacher who claimed to have mysterious healing powers. He could stop the bleeding of Czarina Alexandra's son- possibly through hypnosis- and was thus able to gain influence in the czar's court, much to the dismay of top ministers and aristocrats, who finally arranged for his murder. The czarina's relationship with him did much to discredit Czar Nicholas's rule

The application and use of reason in understanding and explaining events

Objective representation of a scene. Rejected idealized academic styles in favor of everyday subjects. Millet

The "politics of reality" i.e., the use of practical means to achieve ends. Bismarck was a practitioner

Terrorist group committed to radical political and social change that claimed responsibility for the assassination of former Italian premier Aldo Moro in 1978

The Bolshevik armed forces

Volunteers in Garibaldi's army

A plebiscite: the referring of a matter to the people for a decision

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches (1517)

Gave vote to all men who paid ten pounds in rent a year; eliminated the rotten boroughs

The lower house of the German Diet, or legislature

Countries in Europe fought for decades trying to decide what religion to follow. Treaty of Westphalia- allowed rulers to determine whether their countries would be catholic or Protestant.

The period from 1400 to 1600 that witnessed the birth and transformation of cultural and intellectual values from primarily Christian to classical or secular ones in Northern Italy, and that spread to the rest of Europe

Allowed Protestants who were not members of the Church of England to hold public office (1828)

Papal encyclical of Leo XIII (1878-1903) that upheld the right of a private property but criticized the inequities of capitalism. It recommended that Catholics form political parties and trade unions to redress the poverty and insecurity fostered under capitalism (1891)

The return of the Stuart monarchy (1660) after the period of republican government under Cromwell which was, in fact, a military dictatorship

The French desire for revenge against Germany for the loss of Alsace and Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War (1870)

Marxists who believed that workers empowered to vote could obtain their ends through democratic means without revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, known as revisionism

fall/collapse of communism, revolutions which overthrew Soviet-style communist states in the Eastern-Bloc.

English economist known for his work, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth (1772-1823)

He was the last king from the House of York, and his defeat at the Battle of Bosworth marked the culmination of the Wars of the Roses

Italian drive and desire for unity

Reacts to the grandeur and massiveness of the baroque. It employs refined, elegant, highly decorative forms. Boucher

In 1613 an assembly of nobles chose him as the new czar. For the next 300 years his family ruled in Russia (1613-1633)

A reaction to neo-classicism that focuses on emotion over reason and spontaneous expression. Subject matter was invested with drama and painted in brilliant colors. Goya

Depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament

Author of The Social Contract and Emile. Believed that individual's natural liberty to one another, fusing their wills into a General Will which would be the true sovereign power. The majority is always right

Organized body for scientific study, founded in the 1600s

British journalist who reported the events of the Crimean War first hand for the people at home

the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

1972 treaty between American and the Soviet Union which limited the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) at their existing levels for five years

Additional arms limitations signings in 1979 which places limits on long-range missiles, bombers and nuclear warheads

A reference to Parisian workers who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men

The Balkan town in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia where Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne

French existentialist most famous for his statement that "existence precedes existence"- i.e., first we exist and then our decisions and choices shape up our character or essence (1905-1980)

Two duchies located south of Denmark. In 1863 Schleswig was annexed by Denmark prompting Bismarck's Danish War

Top-secret German strategy to fight a two-front war against Russia and France. The idea was to invade neutral Belgium for a quick victory against France, and then direct German forces against a more slowly mobilizing Russia

An international organization set up in 1952 to control and integrate all European coal and steel production; also known as the European Coal and Steel Community

the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned

The Social Democratic Party in Germany, based on Marx's Ideology

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Name given to the reigns of William I and William II from 1871 to 1917

Government established in France from 1848-1852, After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another coup d'etat.

The emphasis on the here-and-now rather than on the spiritual and otherworldly

The ability of an ethnic group to decide how it wishes to be governed, as an independent nation or as a part of another country

Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

The four-month Prussian assault on the French capital after Napoleon III's surrender in 1870

The selling of church offices

He believed that the nobility was useless, his motto became: "confidence from below, authority from above." Wrote What is the Third Estate?

Relative nature of social institutions. All beliefs are relative, varying with time and place

Abolished in the British Empire (1833)

Author of Wealth of Nations

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle

Questioned provate enterprise; believed in communal ownership of assets, that the existing economic system was aimless and unjust, that it was improper for owners of wealth to have so much economic power

Polish political party (anti-communism) lead by Lech Walesa; wanted free elections for Poles

Russian author of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, a novel detailing life in a Stalinist concentration camp (1918-)

Left-wing Marxists in Germany who hoped to bring about a proletarian revolution in 1919

English philosopher known for his work, Social Statics: Liberal Philosophy, argued that in the difficult economic struggle for existence, only the "fittest" would survive (1820-1903)

"In the light of eternity"; all determination is negation (metaphysics). Wrote Ethics

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Catholic attack on Calvinists on the marriage day of Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV) (August 24, 1572)

Russian minister under Nicholas II who encouraged the growth of private farmers and improved education for enterprising peasants (1862-1911)

German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia, ceded to Germany in the Hitler-Chamberlain Munich meeting (September 1938)

Tries to capture the reality of our dreams. Influenced by Freud's ideas of psychoanalysis. Explores unconscious. Spontaneous techniques and unexpected juxtapositions or objects (cauliflower, stapler, clock). Cagall, Magritte

Doctrine of Pope Pius IX (1864-1878) that denounced belief in reason and science and attacked "progress, liberalism, and modern civilization." (1864)

The French trade-unionist belief that workers would become the governmental power through a general strike that would paralyze society

French trade unions

John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas

A direct tax from which most French nobles were exempt

Declaration mainly by members of the Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France (June 20, 1789)

British law prohibiting Catholics and dissenters from holding political office (1673)

Conservative British Prime Minister and first women to head a major European government (1925-)

A community, such as Calvin's Geneva, in which the state is subordinate to the church

Name given to Germany during the Nazi regime, between 1933 and 1945

Government established in France from 1875-1945, French Republic started after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the demise of Napolean III, and survived until the invasion of the German third Reich. It was the longest regime from after the French Revolution.

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

The 1873 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia

Communist chief of Yugoslavia who proclaimed independence of his country from Soviet influence (1892-1980)

Russian writer, very nationalistic and his most famous book is "War and Peace" He also wrote " at the ball" about russian government and the problems before/during the revolution

An attempt by government to control a society totally through a dictatorship that employs the modern methods of communication- press, radio, TV- to glorify the state over the individual. Its varieties are Fascism, Nazism, and communism

This was the treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession by giving the Prussians land, taking land away from Maria Theresa, but still allowing her to rule

Pact by which Lenin pulled Russia out of the war with Germany and gave up one third of the Russian population in the western territories (March 1918)

The end of the Franco-Prussian War, which ceded the territories of Alsace and most of Lorraine to Germany

1992; European nations agree to make an economic and political integration with a common currency, passport, and banking system; Established structure and cooperation in immigration and law enforcement

a 1763 agreement between britain and france that ended the french and indian war

Pact, created in 1957, that set up the European Economic Community (also known as the Common Market)

Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elba as well as the Polish provinces (1807)

The 1882 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy

After 1907, the alliance between England, France, and Russia

Socialist and feminist who called for working women's social and political rights (1803-1844)

Lenin's ally who organized and led to Bolshevik military takeover of the provisional government headed by Kerensky, in November 1917 (1879-1940)

Policy providing military aid to Greece and Turkey in an effort to contain communism (1947-1948)

The 1905 essay in which Lenin argued that the agrarian and industrial revolutions could be telescoped. It was unnecessary for Russia to become an industrialized nation before the Marxist revolution

started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics and resulted in North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck's previous spending; concluded with war with France

1860, ally of Mazzini, recruited volunteers and won control of Sicily. Next, Garibaldi turned Naples and Sicily over to Victor Emmanuel. Last, Italy becomes a united nation, which it hadn't been since the fall of the Roman Empire.

The practice of lending money for interest

A humanist who used historical criticism to discredit an eighth-century document giving the papacy jurisdiction over Western lands (1407-1457)

Independent sovereign state of the pope and the Catholic church, established in Rome in 1929

Pope John XXIII called the conference which met in four sessions between 1962-1965. The purpose was to bring the church up to date (aggiornamento)

Gathering of Catholic church leaders that proclaimed the doctrine of papal infallibility

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility

King of Italy who asked Mussolini to form a cabinet in 1922, thus allowing Mussolini to take power legally (1900~1946)

Queen of England from 1837 to 1901. SHe and her husband were models of morality, symbols of British stability and middle class virtues.

The striving for personal excellence

Author of Philosophical Letters and Candide. He believed that the best one could hope for in government was an enlightened monarch since human beings are very rarely worthy to govern themselves

The application of total war by the Bolsheviks to the civil war (1918-1920) at home- i.e., requisitioning grain, nationalizing banks and industries, and introducing rationing

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)

The last of Louis XIV's wars involving the issue of succession to the Spanish throne and culminating in the Peace of Utrecht (1701-1713)

A military alliance, formed in 1955, of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations

Conference of the major powers to reduce naval armaments among Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States

A reference to the republic of Germany that lasted from 1919-1933

The policy of making Germany a major global power through an expanding navy and the acquisition of colonies, the dream of William II ("world politics")

Encouraging the adoption of culture of western Europe 1600-1700

Essay written by Lenin in 1902 that outlined his plan for an elite revolutionary cadre to engineer the communist revolution in agrarian Russia

Succeeded George IV as king of England. His ascension initiated Parliamentary election and reform.

Dutch prince and foe of Louis XIV who became king of England in 1689 (1672-1702)

President of the United States and key figure in the peace conferences following World War I; he intended to make the world "safe for democracy" (1856-1924)

The "Great War" (1914-1918), in essence a European civil war with global implications that was marked by massive casualties, the expansion of offensive military technology beyond tactics and means of defense, and a great deal of disillusionment with the whole idea of "progress."

War fought Between Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and Allied Powers (U.S., France, U.S.S.R., and U.K.); Single largest war in the history of U.S.; Introduced Age of Nuclear Weapons; New system of international diplomacy developed as a result; 1939 to 1945, but U.S. involved from 1941-1945

Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Transiberian Railroad (1849-1915)

Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. She believed that a woman's mind is as good as a man's

English theologian who wrote that Scriptures alone, not papal claims, should be the standard of Christian belief and practice (c. 1320-1384)

The wartime meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin in February 1945 to discuss military strategy and postwar plans

An association under the leadership of Mazzini that urged the unification of the country

Schedule that sets limits to Germany's reparation payments and reduced the agreed-on time for occupation of the Ruhr

A type of local government with powers to tax and make new laws; essentially, a training ground for democracy, dominated by the property-owning class when established in 1864

German Marxist who focused on women's issues in the Communist Party (1857-1933)

A secret German message to Mexico supporting the Mexican Government in regaining Arizona and Texas if the Mexicans declared war on the United States, a factor propelling the United States into World War I in April 1917

Founded by Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) it sought the creation of a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine. It was supported by the British Balfour Declaration during WWI but did not become a reality until 1948

Economic customs union of German states established in 1818 by Prussia and including almost all German-speaking states except Austria by 1844