AP European History Unit 1

Greatest architect of 14th century

hired Parler for the creation of the Bohemian capital

edict of Emperor Charles VI in 1356--recognizing that German Princes and Kings were autonomous rulers

1337-1452 series of military engagements between England and France--over territorial and dynastic rivalries

claimed "King" of France in 1340

cousin of the King, ruled through 16th Century

-large wool industry -England--major supplier -Flanders want major independence from french control

ideal of kinghthood, most notably fighting that spread from Northeaster France across Europe in high middle ages

more penetrating than the crossbow---shoot from further distances

last significant English victory

theives

got Joan of Arc

illiterate, but deeply religious girl, helped save her country -- burned at the stake

French had this new tool to defeat the English

struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII

dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs

commonly referred to on posters--naked,rotting corpses dancing in front of the living

self inflicted pain--believed that if this was done you wouldnt get the black death

wrote the Decameron-- which was very graphic

the plague brought higher wages, and more food because everyone else was gone !

Revolt from the peasants-named after Jacques Bonnehomme - archetypal French peasant

wealthy parisan cloth merchant--led uprising of parisan merchants--they wanted control of royal finances

1381. English peasant revolt protesting the attempted passage of a flat tax by Richard II. Led by Wat Tylar and John Bell. The tax is eventually repealed, though many peasants are arrested (most are pardoned).

Florence 1378 wool workers in Florence's most prominent industry who revolted in 1378, some rights won but were taken back by 1392

commercial and political alliance of Northern German towns established in late 14th C to monopoly grain and fish trade

dealing with the even growling poverty #1 public space

religious organizations of lay people and clergy who ministered the sick and poor

all purpose religious instituitions providiing lodging for : pilgrims, elderly and ill

used for black death patients, to be isolated

unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being

hired to publicly execute "kill"a person or persons

pope who said that the king, Philip IV of France, must obey the pope; imprisoned by the king, but rescued

Document written by Pope Boniface that states ultimate authority over the church and people's salvation

The period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome--Popes made their income higher

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.--get out of hell free card

A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

idea that council could end the Schism--both Popes denied it

In 1408, a council with bishops representing both popes met and elected a new pope, deposing both of the popes they represented. Neither former pope, however, would accept this new rival. Thus, the problem was not solved.

goal: not only end schism but reform the church to prevent a recurence--elect Sigismund 1410-1437

a book that was published, made the "witch crave" happen

group of instituitions with justice system with justice system- aimed to fight against heretics

book of spiritual direction- still widely read after the bible

oxford theologian, -A priest and professor at Oxford. -He challenged a number of church practices and tried to reform the priesthood because it was corrupt. -Argued that indulgences were useless and attacked the church for its wealth and luxury. -He had the protection of the King.

followers of John Wycliffe

leading proponet of Wycliffes teachings in Prague

dedicated Spiritual Francaism of radical poverty-led to his excommunication by Pope John XXII

(philosophy) the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name

LIterature not in Latin, used to make statements. Authors became critical of society and its values, and used their vernacular writing to express this.

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)

-Father of humanism -celebrated ancient Rome -Classical & Christian values intermingled in his work -Teacher and friend of Giovanni Boccaccio

view of the whole Christian universe from Dante's day

"Father of English Poetry" -Iambic Pantameter, rhymed couplet -Wrote in vernacular (Middle English) Expert in characterization and Satire

Re-birth

dominant city in the region of Tuscany -banking -cloth/textile

He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions

-Greek Mythology -

translated classical styles into more naturalistic forms ( flowing robes )

challenged the principal of gothic architecture -- dome

master at everything -artist -scientist -sculptor -engineer -inventor :Last Supper 1498 :Mona Lisa 1503

sculpted David in 1504 -painted the systine chapel *wanted to be known for sculpting

unity in his paintings -portraits

Madonnas -art is known for visual achievements

scholar, writer, artist 1404-1472

technique applying principles of geometry to create the illusion of depth and dimension

the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare

1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods

the art of language -rhetoric -expression

very influential humanist

humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society

Italian architect and painter

writer- The Cartier- etiquette book describing the perfect servant

foundation for realistic 16th century -NO renaissance work has been more crucial

vivid prose "men must be pampered or crushed"

the contrasting of light and darkness

shading

self-governing political units centered upon an urban area

powerful family--, an important family of bankers in Florence, Italy who controlled Florence and used their wealth to support artists and scientists.and hire popes

established 2 blanced alliances -Florence and Milan -Venice and Naples *didnt bring peace

conquered constantinople and athens and threatened rome

started when Naples, Florence and Papal States united against Milan

- Hybrid Ships -Chinese, Europeans, and Chinese had them -ideal for ocean travel- can travel with whatever wind

sent voyages to africa -had cartographers, ship builders, sailors, and scientists with him on board - accumulated detailed accounts of voyages

portugese navigator *cape of good hope -hit the tip of Africa and went back

rounded the "cape of good hope" -sailors died of scurvy, mal-nutrition -journey took 2 years -spices he brought back were worth $$

muslims and portugese wanted Africans -sold them for money -used for work

portugese general -conquered ports in middle east -get and protect ships

sailed the ocean blue in 1492 -discovered new world -wanted to do it for portugal, they didnt want him to -so he went to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain - Landed in bahamas - Nina Pinta Santa Monica - his ships

New World

confirmed portugals right to eastern route to indies-- and any undiscovered land east of imaginary line west of cape verde - pope alexander VI set a line of demarcation dividing non-euro world into 2 zones

crossed land passage in panama ---first euro to see pacific ocean

set off in 1519 ---fought mutiny,storms and tropical heat ------goal:to reach spice lands by sailing westward

when english explorers met the native americans---exchanged knowledge, disease (syphilis) and ideas

conquerer--looked for gold ----convert natives to christianity -------gain measure to profit from venture ---------------brought syphilis to europe -------------------conquered aztecs-killed many of them

"conquerers" spanish adventures

wiped out peruvians --1531 conquered peruvian empire

motives for European explorers --Gold-spices ----God-missionary to convert other>catholic -------Glory-discover new world

ones of the greatest work of portugese literature

championed the cause of the native inhabitants at the court of the spanish kings

Spice Islands

navigation tool to determine their latitude at sea