Headright
the right to acquire a certain amount of land granted to the person who finances the passage of a laborer
Disfranchise
to take away the right to vote
Civil war
any conflict between the citizens or inhabitants of the same country
Indentured servant
a laborer bound to unpaid service to a master for a fixed term, in exchange for benefits such as transportation, tools, and clothes
Tidewater
the territory adjoining water affected by tides-that is, near the seacoast of coastal rivers
Middle passage
that portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas
Fertility
the ability to reproduce and bear abundant young
Menial
fit for servants; humble or low
Militia
a voluntary, nonprofessional armed force of citizens, usually called to military service only in emergencies
Hierarchy
a social group arranged in ranks or classes
Corporation
a private group or institution to which the government grants legal rights to carry on certain specified activites
Jeremiad
a sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance
Lynching
the illegal execution of an accused person by mob action, without due process of law
Hinterland
an inland region set back from a port, river, or seacoast
Social Structure
the basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society
Blue Blood
of nobel or upper-class descent
Life expectancy among the 17th-century settlers of Maryland and Virginia was about 160 years
false-
Because men greatly outnumbered women in the Chesapeake region, a fierce competition arose among men for scarce females to marry
true
Pregnancies among unmarried youg women were common in the 17th century colonial South
true
Chesapeake Bay tobacco planters responded to falling prices by cutting back production
false-
The head-right system of land grants to those who brought laborers to America primarily benefited wealthy planters rather than the poor indentured servants
true
Most of the European immigrants who came to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century were poor indentured servants
true
Bacon's Rebellion involved an alliance of white indentured servants with Virginia's Indians in an attack on the elite planter class
false-
African slaves began to outnumber white indentured servants as the primary labor supply in the plantation colonies by the 1680s
true
Slaves brought to North America developed a culture that mixed African and American speech, religion, and patterns of life
true
Directly beneath the wealthy slaveowning planters, in the southern social structure, were the white indentured servants
false-
New Englanders' long lives contributed to the general stability and order of their childrearing and family life
true
New England expansion was carried out primarily by independent pioneers and land speculators who bought up large plots and then sold them to individual farmers
false-
The development of the Half-Way Covenant, in the 1660s, reflected both a decline in Puritan religious fervor and a broadening of religious participation
true
The Salem Witch Trials reflected the persecution of poor women by upper-class males and clergy
false-
New Englanders' Calvinist heritage and stern, self-reliant character created a legacy of high idealism and reform that greatly affected later American society
true
For most of their early history, the colonies of Maryland and Virginia
contained far more men than women
The primary beneficiaries of the head-right system were
well-off planters who acquired land by paying the transatlantic passage for indentured servants
The primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion was
the poverty and discontent of many single young men unable to acquire land
African slavery became the prevalent form of labor in the 1680s when
Bacon's rebellion and rising wages in England made white indentured servants no longer a reliable labor force
Most of the slaves who eventually reached North America were originally
captured by West African coastal tribes and sold to European slave merchants
Political and economic power in the southern colonies was dominated by
extended families of wealthy planters
Because there were few urban centers in the colonial South
a professional class of lawyers and financiers was slow to develop
The average colonial New England woman who did not die in childbirth could expect to
experience about 10 pregnancies, occurring on average every two years from her twenties through menopause
In New England, elementary education
was mandatory for any town with more than fifty families
The Congregational Church of the Puritans contributed to
the development of basic ideas of democracy as expressed in the New England town meeting
In contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonists in the South, those in New England
enjoyed longer lived and more stable families
The focus of much of New England's politics, religion, and education was the institution of the
town
The Half-Way Covenant provided
baptism, but not full communion, to people who had not had a conversion experience
Those people accused of being witches in Salem were generally
from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy
English settlers greatly altered the character of the New England environment by
their extensive introduction of livestock
Families
early Maryland and Virginia settlers had difficulty creating them and even more difficulty making them last
Tobacco
the principal economic product of early Maryland and Virginia
Indentured Servants
immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor
Head-Right
Maryland and Virginia's system of granting land to anyone who would pay trans-Atlantic passage for laborers
Slave Codes
laws first passed in 1662 that made blacks and their children the lifelong property of their white masters
Rhode Island
New England colony that was home to most North American slave traders
Royal African Company
English company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698
Gullah
African American language that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa
New York City
site of northern slave revolt of 1712 that led to the deaths of nine whites and the execution of more than twenty blacks
First Families of Virginia (FFV)
shorthand term for the wealthy extended clans like the Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons that dominated politics in the most populous colony
Midwifery
occupation of assisting in childbirth that was a virtual female monopoly in colonial New England
Town Meeting
the basic local political institution of New England, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs
Half-Way Covenant
formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion
Salem Witch Trials
late 17th century judicial event that inflamed popular feelings, let to the deaths of twenty people, and weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige
Jeremiad
a form of Puritan sermon that scolded parishioners for declining piety and urged repentance and reform
Chesapeake
Virginia-Maryland by area, site of the earliest colonial settlements
Indentured servants
primary form of labor in early southern colonies until the 1680s
Nathaniel Bacon
Agitator who led poor former indentured servants and frontiersmen on a rampage against Indians and colonial government
William Berkeley
colonial Virginia official who crushed rebels and wreaked cruel revenge
Royal African Company
organization whose loss of the slave trade monopoly in 1698 led to free-enterprise expansion of the business
Middle Passage
term for the brutal slave journey from Africa to the Americas
Ringshout
West African religious rite, retained by African Americans, in which participants responded to the shouts of a preacher
Stono River
site of a 1739 South Carolina slave revolt
Gullah
Coastal African American language that blended elements of English with the African languages Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa
New England conscience
the legacy of Puritan religion that inspires idealism and reform among later generations of Americans
Harvard
the oldest college in America, originally based on the Puritan commitment to an educated ministry
William and Mary
the oldest college in the South, founded in 1693
Half-Way Covenant
helped erase the earlier Puritan distinction between the converted elect and other members of society
Salem witch trials
Phenomena started by adolescent girls' accusations that ended with the deaths of twenty people
Leisler's Rebellion
a bloody New York revolt of 1689-1691 that reflected class antagonism between rich landlords and aspiring merchants
