What four components (at the minimum) are needed to create a fully dynamic page?
A web server (such as Apache), a server-side scripting language (PHP), a database (MySQL), and a client-side scripting language (JavaScript).

What does HTML stand for?
HyperText Markup Language: the web page itself, including text and markup tags.
Why does the name MySQL contain the letters SQL?
Like nearly all database engines, MySQL accepts commands in Structured Query Language (SQL). SQL is the way that every user (including a PHP program) communicates with MySQL.
PHP and JavaScript are both programming languages that generate dynamic results for web pages.

What is their main difference, and why would you use both of them?

PHP runs on the server, whereas JavaScript runs on the client. PHP can communicate with the database to store and retrieve data, but it can't alter the user's web page quickly and dynamically. JavaScript has the opposite benefits and drawbacks.
What does CSS stand for?
Cascading Style Sheets: styling and layout rules applied to the elements in an HTML document.
List three major new elements introduced in HTML5.

Probably the most interesting new elements in HTML5 are
If you encounter a bug (which is rare) in one of the open source tools, how do you think you could get it fixed?
Some of these technologies are controlled by companies that accept bug reports and fix the errors like any software company. But open source software also depends on a community, so your bug report may be handled by any user who understands the code well enough. You may someday fix bugs in an open source tool yourself.