What are the two distinct cultures that developed in early Greece?
the Minoans and the Mycenaeans
When was Minoan developed?
3000 BC
How long did the Minoan civilization last?
2000 Years
What main sea was used by the Minoans for trade?
Aegean Sea
Exacavations that have revealed lots about Minoan life were located where?
Crete or Knossos
Where were Minoan colonies located?
Aegean Islands
What did the Minoan buildings contain?
Artwork, Plumbing, and Private Rooms
What was life for the Minaons tied to?
The sea
How was life tied to the sea for the Minoans?
They had sailing, trading, fishing, and entertainment
In the Minoan civilization, did women have a major role?
Yes
What kind of role did the women have in the Minoan civilization?
Priesteses
What is the most popular Minoan game?
Leaping over charging bulls
During what event did the Minoans leap over the bulls?
during festivals
What was the Minoan language called?
Linear A
How is Linear A discrete?
Different from mainland of Greece
Why cant historians read and understand Linear A?
It was untranslateable and different from any other language
How did they know that the Minoans lived where they did?
From artifacts and art left behind
What caused the main destruction of Minoan?
A volcanic island in Crete erupted
What did the eruption of the volcano on Crete cause?
Farming to weaken, and had an effect everywhere
Who were the group of people that conquered Minoan?
Mycenaeans
What happened betwen the small kingdoms of the Mycenaeans
They fought each other
Where does the name Mycenaeans come from?
The fortress Mycenae
What are the Mycenaeans considered as?
The first Greeks
Who do the Mycenaeans owe?
Minoans
Why do Mycenaeans owe the Minoans?
Because of trading, and they copied their writing to create their own system
What's the difference between the Minoans writing and the Mycenaean's writing?
The Mycenaeans could be translated while the Minoan's couldn't
Like the Minoans what did the Mycenaeans become?
Great Traders
What happened to the Mycenaean's trade after they conquered Crete?
Trade increased
The Mycenaean society was dominated by what?
Intense competition, frequent warefare, and powerful kings
What did the Mycenaeans build to show off their strength?
Great monuments
What was one of the Mycenaean's great monuments?
Lion's Gate
Where was the Lion's Gate located?
Mycenae
What did the kings of the Mycenaeans do to be able to build palaces and high walls?
Taxed trade and farming
What act of the kings of the Mycenaeans inspired many later legends?
Kings constant quest for power and glory
Who were invloved in the Trojan War?
the early greeks
Who were the early Greeks led by?
Mycenaeans
Who did the early Greeks fight aginst?
the city of Troy
Where is the city of Troy located?
in modern day Turkey
Who is the God of all gods?
Zeus
Zeus was also the god of what and what is his symbol?
the sky and lightning
Who was the queen of the gods?
Hera
Hera was also the goddess of what two things?
marriage and women
Who was the god of the sea and earthquakes?
Poseidon
Who was the god of the underworld?
Hades
Who was the goddess of agriculture?
Demeter
Who was the goddess of hearth and family?
Hestia
Who was the goddess of wisdom?
Athena
Who was the god of prophecy?
Apollo
Apollo was also the god of what?
Healing, poetry, music, and the sun
Who was the goddess of hunting and the moon?
Artemis
Who was the god of war?
Ares
Who was the goddess of love?
Aphrodite
Who was the god of metalworking?
Hepshaestus
Who was the god of wine?
Dionysus
Who was known as the messenger god and was the god of trade?
Hermes
How historians guess that the Trojan war happened?
They have found ruins in Troy
What event did the Trojan war play a part in?
helping to cause the end of the Mycenaean Civilization
The polis was the center of what two things?
center of daily life and culture
What did the acropolis house?
temple to the gods
What did people do at the agora?
they did business, they gossiped, and they discussed politics
What 3 things surrounded the agora?
shops, houses, and temples
What was the name of the mightiest city-state?
Sparta
Where was Sparta located?
it was located on the Peloponnesus peninsula of southern greece
Who did the Spartans make into helots or state slaves?
the Messenians
What did the Spartans demand from their army?
strength and toughness
Who were examined for their strength?
Boys, girls, and babies
Who was Lycurgus?
he was a legendary king whose goal was to toughen boys
What did boys become when they reached the age of 20?
Hoplites
What are hoplites?
foot soldiers
What kind of roles did women have in Sparta?
they were trained gymnasts, they were required to be strong, and they had the right property
Who were believed to be the ones who could protect people and city-states in exchange for rituals and sacrifices?
the Gods and Goddesses
Where did the Gods supposedly live?
Mount Olympus
What are the names of thw two famous cities of greece?
Delphi and Olympia
What happened in the city of Delphi?
the priestesses of Apollo received visions of the future
What happened in the city of Olympia?
That was where the olympic games were held every 4 years
In what areas were heroes famously known?
in their hometowns
Who did Hubris bring to their tragic ends?
the Heroestos
What did the hero's deaths serve as towards the Greeks?
they served as lessons
Where is the birthplace of democracy?
Athens
Was Athens always a democratic city?
No.
How long did it take for Athens to become a democracy?
Several centuries
What kind of leaders ruled Athens before it become democratic?
kings
What type of people replaced the kings of Athens?
Aristocrats
Describe the Athenian subjects.
they were poor and had little power and control of their lives
What was the conflict in Athens caused by?
differences between the rich and poor
Who was Draco?
an official
What did Draco do for athens?
he fixed the conflict, and reformed city laws
What negative things did Draco do to Athens?
he believed in harsh punishment which caused things to get worse and his laws made things even worse for Athens
Who was Solomon?
he was a lawmaker
What things did Solomon do?
he revised Draco's laws in 590s BC, he outlawed slavery and reduced poverty
What did Solomon encourage?
trade
Who were the only people allowed to hold office in Athenian culture?
wealthy men
What type of person was Peisistratus?
he was a tyrant
What did Peisistratus do to trade and to the aristocrats?
he increased trade and pushed the aristocrats out of office
Who took over after Peisistratus died?
Cleisthenes
What 2 things did Cleisthenes do to athens?
1. he set the stage for democracy
2. divided athens into 10 tribes
What were the requirements to be able to rule in the Athenian democracy?
you must have been a male, above the age of 20, and had military training
What were the 4 things the eligible rulers of Athens must do?
1. vote in all elections
2. serve in office if elected
3. serve on juries
4. serve in the military during war
What were the 3 main bodies of the government in Athens?
the assembly, Council of 500, and the complex series of courts
What were the roles of the assembly of Athens?
make all the laws and decisions
Where did the assembly of Athens meet and what was that type of democracy called?
on a particular hill and it was called a direct democracy
What did the Council of 500 in Athens do?
they heard trials that were voted on by the assembly
What did the complex series of courts in Athens do?
they heard trials and sentenced criminals
Who were the archons in Athens?
they served as the chief of state and they acted like head of the assembly
Where was Ionia?
in what is now known as Turkey
Ionia was one of the _______ and ______ city-states of Greece.
largest, wealthiest
When did Ionia fall into Persian rule?
500s BC
What kind of problems did the Ionians and the Persians have?
the Ionians were unhappy with the Persian rule, the Ionians rebelled in 499 BC, and the Persian emperor wanted revenge
What did the Persians set out to do?
fulfill Darius's plan of revenge
Where did the Persians end up at while trying to fulfill Darius's plan of revenge?
the phalanx beach
Why did the Persians retreat from the Phalanx beach?
the were suprised by the Athenians into an unexpected battle
Why was the Athenian messenger famous?
he ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek's victory
How did the Athenian messenger die and what did he inspire today?
he died from exhaustion because of the running and he inspired the modern day marathon races
When did Darius die?
486 BC
Who was Xeres and what did he do?
he was Daruis's son and he planned more revenge for Greece
How long did it take for the Persian army to cross the bridge?
a week
Who helped the Greeks fight the Persians?
Sparta
Who gathered in the Thermopylae mountain?
the Spartans and their allies
How long did the Spartans hold back the Persians?
several days
What happened to the Persians when the Athenian commander led themdown the narrow path?
the Greeks wiped out the Persians
Who finally won the Perisan Wars?
The Greeks
What did the Greek city-states do when they were banded together?
they defended one another and they punished the Persians
What bond controlled all of Athens?
alliance
What was the alliance of Athens known as?
The Delian League
The Delian League grew _____ and _____.
wealthier, stronger
What did league members of The Delian Leagus start to do and what did the league eventually turn into?
resent and an Athenian Empire
Why did the people want to rebuild Athens?
because a lot of things burnt down during the fighting
Who gave the people of Athens a large amount of money to help rebuild?
The Delian League
What is an acropolis?
fortified hil
What 3 things were built in Athens during remodeling?
expanded ports, roads, and high walls
The rebuilding of Athens considered the height of what?
the height of Greek culture and sophistication
Who was Pericles and how did he die?
a city general and he died from the plague
What did the Golden age bring?
great wealth
Who moved to Athens during the Golden Age?
merchants
What things did Athens have during the Golden Age?
grande festivals, public celebrations, and public events
Where was the heart of Greeks culture?
Athens
When did the Peloponnesian League form?
500s BC
Between the Peloponnesian League and the _____ League were tensions.
Delian
What event did the the Delian League stealing money lead to?
the declaration of war between Sparta and the Athenians in 431 BC
What did the Spartans domminate during the war?
the land
What did the Athenians dominate during the war?
the sea
When did the plague during the Athenian and Spartan war break out?
430 and 429 BC
When did the Spartan and Athenian war end?
421 BC
How many years went by before the war between the Spartans and the Athenians start back up again?
6 years
When did the Athenians finally surrender to the Spartans?
404 BC
What 4 things did the Athenians lose thousands of due to the war?
1. soldiers
2. ships
3. money
4. allies
Who finally took over Greece after the Spartans lost control of Greece?
the Macedonians
Despite their condemnation of Socrates, the people of Greece were great believers of what?
philosophy
What does the word philosophy mean?
the search for wisdom and knowledge
When did philosophy reach its height in Athens?
during the 400s and 300s BC
Who was the Golden Age of philosophy inspired by?
Socrates, Plato, and Aristolte
Who was the first of the three great philosophers?
Socrates
How do we know about the ideas of Socrates?
by the writings of his students
What was the basic question that Socrates started with to learn things?
''What is truth?''
What do we call the method of learning by using questioning?
the Socratic method
Who was Socrates's most famous student who someday became a philosopher himself?
Plato
Who wrote the Republic?
Plato
Who was considered the "Father of History"?
Herodotus
Who was the "Father of Scientific Medicine"?
Hippocrates
What is the Hippocratic Oath?
An oath that a doctor takes:
1. His/her knowledge will be used to help someone and not harm them
2. Doctor/patient confidentiality
Who was the scientist who explained the principle of the lever?
Archimedes
Who came up with the theorem that helps architects find the hypotenuse of a triangle
Pythagoras
Who started The Academy?
Plato
Who came up with the idea that earth was the center of the universe?
Ptolemy
Who was the famous orator who tried to help warn Greece about Philip II?
Demosthenes
Who was the great Greek writer of comedies?
Aristophanes
What was the most famous building in Ancient greece?
Parthenon
Who was the historian who used primary sources when writing his history?
Thucydides
Who wrote the great work "Oedipus Rex"?
Sophocles
Which Hellenistic philosophy believes in pleasure for the greater good?
Epicureanism
What is a philosophy that believes you should abstain from worldly pleasures, and always do what is right?
Stoicism
Who wrote the book "The Dialogues"?
Plato
Who used the "question-answer" technique to seek the understanding of concepts such as social justice?
Socrates
Whose philosophy suggests that pain and suffering can actually make you stronger?
Sophocles
Who said that you cause your own pain and suffering?
Euripides
Who was the father of geometry?
Euclid
Which philosopher was famous for his classification of species?
Aristotle
The great sculptor who helped rebuild Greece.
Phidias
The written conversations made by Plato about the philosophies of Socrates.
The Dialogues
What was the technique of questioning all beliefs and assumptions in attempt to come to a larger or more general truth or conception of reality?
Didectic
Who was Plato's teacher?
Socrates
Who was Plato's best student?
Aristotle
Who was the world's first political scientist?
Plato
What was the first book of political science called?
the Republic
Who thought only educated people (philosophers) should be able to participate in government?
Plato
What was Plato's greatest philosophy?
the quest for the Idea of Good
What was the name of the school started by Aristotle?
Lyceum
Who was the most famous student of Aristotle?
Alexander the Great
Whose work stressed the importance of observation, the necessary correlation of theory to fact, and the value of logic?
Aristotle
What is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true?
(A=B, B=C therefore A=C.)
Syllogism
Who uses syllogisms to prove their logic?
Aristotle
Who was the Macedonian king?
Philip II
Who was Philip II's son?
Alexander the Great
What king brought Macedonian to its rise in power?
Philip II
Who took over as king of Masedonia when Philip II was assinated in 336 BC?
Alexander the Great
What king used harsh mearsures to show the Greeks that he would not tolerate rebellion?
Alexander the Great
Who crushed Thebe's army, sold people into slavery, and burned the city to the ground when Thebes rebelled against him?
Alexander the Great
Who made a huge yet disorganized army that eventually took over the Persians?
Alexander the Great
In what two places was Alexander the Great praised as a liberator and welcomed him graciously?
Phoenica and Egypt
With the defeat of Darius, who was now the essential master of the Persians?
Alexander the Great
Who built the biggest empire the world had ever seen so far; however this person did not rule for very long?
Alexander the Great
What was the significance behind Antigonus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy?
they were the three powerful generals who took over after Alexander the Great's death and named themselves the kings
Who created the Hellenistic culture?
Alexander the Great
What group of people believed that people should live accordingly to nature with none of humanity's created institutions?
Cynics
What group of people believed upon great uphasis on reason, self-disipline, emotional control, and personal mortality?
Stoics
What group of people taught that people should seek out pleasure, and try to avoid pain?
Epicureans
Who formulated many of the ideas about geometry that we still use today?
Euclid
Who is best known for calculating the size of the world?
Eratosthenes
Who was one of the world's greatest inventors, and used his mathematical and physics skills to create devices to make life eaiser?
Archimedes
Why did Greek architects lay in subtly altering the porportions of the traditional design?
So that the increased scale did not become overwhelming
What three distinct styles of Greek architecture emerged?
Doric, Ionic and Corinthian
Which Greek architect style had simple, sturdy columns and capitals, and dominated mainland Greece and is the syle of the Athenian Parthenon?
Doric
Which Greek architect style had tall, more slender columns, and captials have scroll design. It also originated in Ionia and spread to the Aegan Islands?
Ionic
Which Greek architect that had capitals carved to represent the leaves of an acanthus plant? and is also rare in classical Greece and more common in the Hellenistic era?
Corinthian
What idealized figures in stiff poses derived from Egyptian sculpture and whose faces are often emotionless and drapery is crude?
Archaic
What kind of sculpture posed figures became more naturalistic, although their bodly perfection and placid faces are in an idealization?
Classical
What type of sculpture anatomically accurate human figures in violently active poses?
Hellenistic
Who suggests the four element theory of matter?
Empedocies
Who speculates that all things are made up of simple elements?
Thales
Who invented many ingenious devices, from slot machines dispensing hole water, to hydraulic devices that could automatically open huge temple doors?
Hero of Alexandria
Who was the founder of the Stoic school and whose central belief of stoism is that the world is ordered by devine reason and that wise accept their place in this order cheerfully?
Zeno of Citium
Who is the founder of Pyrrhonian skepticism?
Pyrrho of Elis
Who wrote two didactic poems, Works and Days and Theogony?
Hesiod
Who was the female poet from Lesbos that wrote passionate lyrical odes?
Sappho
What means clear and ordered thinking?
Reason
What is the process of making inferences?
Logic
What two books make up Homer's epics?
the Iliad and the Odyssey
What story tells the story of the last year of the Trojan War?
the Iliad
What story tells the story of heroes from the Trojan War?
the Odyssey
What kind of poetry is named after a musical instrument called the lyre?
lyric poetry
Who was the leader of the Macedonians?
Alexander the Great
What was Philip II's first act as the leader of the Macedonians?
he reorganized their army
2/3 of Greece is what?
rocky/hills
Greeks grow lots of what?
citris such as lemons, limes and oranges
Why did Greek colonies spread?
to find better farming land
Out of the three seas used by the Greeks, which one was the most used?
Aegean
What peninsula is Athans located on?
Attica peninsula
Any public system where you vote people to represent you an doesnt have to be through a democracy is called what?
Republic
What is the term that means at least one more then half?
majority rule
What term means the most votes wins?
plurality
What means ruled by one?
autocracy
What means ruled by a king or queen?
monarchy
What means ruled by a few?
oligarchy
What means ruled by a few rich people?
aristocracy
What is the democracy called where every single person votes on every single thing and cannot be a republic?
direct democracy
What democracy means you pick people to vote for you and can also be called and representative democracy?
indirect democracy
