World History Chapter 12 Review

A period in European history that began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe (1350- 1550 although not exact dates)

Known as a Renaissance Man Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Inventor, Military Man & Mathematician Studied Human bodies by dissection Showing perfectly proportioned humans by geometric shapes around drawings

Independent City State that had Europe (France and Germany) to the W and Asia to the E. European and Asian influences came in while the Italian influences were spread out

Independent City State on Adriatic Sea with many imports and influences Turk ideas were spread throughout here

Conquered Milan and became the new duke, led mercenaries and worked to build a strong centralized state

took control of Florence in 1434, the rest of his family ran the government behind the scenes, he and his grandson would dominate the city when Florence was cultural center of Italy

Grandson of Cosimo de' Medici ruled Florence while it was cultural center of Italy

author of The Prince, he believed all humans were self centered and when in politics its best to put Christian morals aside

written by Machivelli it's one of the most influential works on political power in the Western World Machivelli's central thesis point concerns how to acquire and keep political power Said political power should not be restricted by morals, in order to rule you must let your conscience sleep

sum of money or goods/land wife's family gave to husband upon marriage

based on the study of the classics: studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history

often called "The Father of Italian Renaissance humanism" he searched for lost Latin manuscripts began emphasis on only using Latin

when writers spoke in languages spoken in their own region (Italian Greek or German)

Written by Italian author, Dante, it's in the Italian vernacular It's the story of the soul's journey to salvation This lengthy poem has 3 major sections: Hell, Purgatory and Heaven (Paradise)

By the English author, Chaucer, in the English vernacular its a collection of stories from a group of 29 pilgrims journeying to the Tomb of Thomas á Becket at Canterbury England it portrayed an entire range of English society

A French woman known for The Book of the City of Ladies (1404) She argued that women could learn as well as men if given the same opportunities by doing this she denounced male writers that had argued women were unable to learn

A painting that is done on fresh wet plaster with water based paints- Artists like Masacio used this because it gives depth and makes paintings more realistic

He drew perfect proportions and wanted his art to look real He sculpted the Statue of David which showed technical detail through tendons & hands

Painting by Raphael it shows intellect of Athens but it pictures great thinkers of ITALIAN Renaissance Getting away from realism he shows his skills

Painted School of Athens well known for frescoes or madonnas (Virgin Mary)

He was first to paint with oil paints which make brighter and more vibrant colors Painted a mirror in the background showing himself painting and the back of the two people in the front This showed his technical skills off

German Artist that painted realistically he Examined the human figure In his painting he shows history through the ruins and a religious scene is shown realistically

Sculpted by Donatello who studied Greek and Roman Sculptures (The Classics) Was realistic and sculpted freestanding art How David stands in Realistic

Started to reform Western church into Catholic and Protestant groups in Europe focusing on Germany In the early 1500s he thought humans could never do enough good works to earn salvation but this was against Catholic beliefs

What? the movement to reform the church Where? Northern Europe When? Early 1500s Why? they thought in order to change society they first must change themselves inside

Who? one of the best known Christian Humanists What? Thought Christianity should focus more on their lives day to day but he thought that fasts and pilgrimages weren't as important Where? Europe Why? to reform the church by spreading the Philosophy of Christ within the Catholic Church- he didn't want to break away from it

Acceptance into Heaven

By paying the church you would be released from punishment of your sins

love that will never be taken away

What? University where MArtin Luther was a monk and lectured on the Bible Where? Germany When? 1500s Why? It was here he decided you can never do enough good works to be saved and that the Bible was the only source for religious truth Where he posted 95 Theses

Who? written by Martin Luther What? they were an attack on the sale of indulgences given to the church superiors, Pope Leo X didn't take it seriously calling him a drunken German Where? Wittenberg Why? He was mad at church's practices

Who? Martin Luther was made an outlaw by it What? Luther's works were to be burned and he was supposed to be captured When? 1521-1522 Why? Charles V was outraged but Frederick of Saxony didn't want his old professor to be killed so Luther went into hiding & protected him when he returned to Wittenberg

What? the new churches Luther set up that consisted of Bible readings, preaching the word of God and song Where? Germany When? 1520s Why? They finally had split from the Catholic Church

Who? the holy Roman Emporer AKA Charles I King of Spain What? ruled an immense empire, wanted to keep it under control of his dynasty, The Hapsburgs , he also hoped to keep it unified by Catholicism When? early 1500s Where? Roman Empire

Who? agreement between Charles V and Luteran princes What? in order to end religious warfare the agreement let German states choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism The princes chose not the people Where? Germany When? 1555 Why? Charles V couldn't defeat the organized Lutheran princes- Charles V had to seek peace

Who? a priest What? influenced city council of Zurich- began religious reforms - relics and images were disposed of and decorations and paintings were replaced with white washed walls Where? Zurich Switzerland When? 1530s

Who? took over leadership of Protestantism from Zwingli What? after converting to Protestantism he was forced to flee Catholic France to Switzerland published institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536 it was a summary of Protestant Thought

Who? John Calvin had this idea What? belief that God chose who went to heaven in advance Where? started in Switzerland but spread all over When? 1536 but continued

Who? King of England What? wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon- the pope wouldn't let him so he broke off from the church Where? England When? May 1533- 1534 Why?Parliament- broke the Catholic church of England from the pope of Rome- Henry requested this

How both Calvin and Luther thought you achieved salvation

The pope declaring the marriage invalid

King Henry VIII's daughter was Catholic and wanted to restore England to Catholicism however she made them become more Protestant

founder of Jesuits who used education to spread their religion all over the world