Define Renaissance:
A movement in Europe between the 1300s-1600s marked by a rebirth in classical, Greek, and Roman art, literature, and learning. - A change/rebirth period.
Where did the Renaissance begin?
Southern Europe/Northern Italy
Define Humanism:
The study of classical texts.Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.
Leonardo Da Vinci:
Painted the Mona Lisa; also a scientist and inventor.
Michelangelo:
Italian painter and sculptor; sculpted David.
Desiderius Erasmus:
Humanist who wrote In Praise of Folly.
William Shakespeare:
English writer of plays and sonnets.
China:
*Important trade goods were paper, silk, porcelain, and tea. *Created foreign enclaves to control trade. *Invented gunpowder and the magnetic compass. *Important trade route was the Silk Road
Japan:
*Ruled by a shogun; the emperor was powerless. *Began policy of isolationism in the 1600s.
Mughal Empire:
*The location of the Taj Mahal. *Important trade goods were textiles. *Important trade route was the Silk Road
Ottoman Empire:
*Capital was Istanbul (Constantinople) *Important trade goods were coffee, and ceramics. *Trans-Saharan trade was important. *Important trade route was the Silk Road *Included the Balkan Peninsula *Main religion was Islam, but they tolerated other religions.
Songhai:
*Important trade goods were gold, salt, and slaves. *Trans-Saharan trade was important.
Martin Luther:
Actions: -Wrote the Ninety-five Theses Ideas/Effects: -Salvation by faith alone -Bible is the ultimate authority -Began the Protestant Reformation
John Calvin:
Actions: -Founded Calvinism Ideas/Effects: -Predestination -The work ethic
Henry VIII (8th):
Actions: -Disputed with the pope because he wanted to divorce his wife. Ideas/Effects: -Broke England away from the Catholic Church
Ignatious of Loyola:
Actions: -Founded the Jesuits Ideas/Effects: -Strengthened and spread Catholic teachings -Part of the Counter Reformation
Johann Guttenberg:
Actions: -Invented the printing press Ideas/Effects: -Spread the ideas of the Reformation -Increased literacy
Queen Elizabeth I:
Actions: -Founded the Anglican Church Ideas/Effects: -Tolerance for dissenters in Englans -Expansion and colonialism -Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Causes of the Protestant Reformation:
-The sale of indulgences -German princes wanted power -Merchants challenged the church views on usury -Church corruption was wide spread -Church's great political power and wealth caused conflicts -Europe's nobility disliked Italian domination of the church
Effects of the Protestant Reformation
-The Thirty Years' War -The Edict of Nantes -Many Christian denominations -Growth of individualism -Growth of secularism -Eventual growth of religious tolerance
The Hapsburgs
Dynasty that ruled the Holy Roman Empire in the 1500s; supported the Catholic Church
Cardinal Richelieu
French leader who changed the focus of the Thirty Years' War from religious to political
Indulgences
Pardons purchased from the church that offered forgiveness of sins, and a release from time in purgatory
Predestination
Belief that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved
The Jesuits
Catholic group founded in 1540 that focused on education, missionary work, and preventing the spread of Protestantism
Huguenots
Calvinists in France
The Counter Reformation
Reforms and actions taken by the Catholic Church in the 1500s
The Edict of Nantes
Granted freedom of worship to Huguenots in France
Motivations for European Explorations
*Seeking new trade routes in Asia *Efforts of Henry the Navigator *Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources *Desire to spread Christianity *European and Islamic innovations in navigational arts *Political and economical competition between European Empires
Effects of European Exploration
*The Columbian Exchange *Spanish inflation *Commercial revolution *Disease killed any Native Americans *Gold and silver exported to Europe *Spread of European language and culture *Atlantic Slave Trade *Demise of Native American Empires *Migration of colonists to new lands
Responsible for launching the Age of Exploration in Portugal:
Prince Henry
Sailed around Africa to India in 1498; Sponsored by Portugal:
Vasco de Gama
Led a voyage to the west in search of Asia in 1492; Sponsored by Spain:
Christopher Columbus
Led Spain's conquest of the Aztec Empire:
Hernan Cortes
Led Spain's conquest of the Inca Empire:
Fransisco Pizzaro
Led the first voyage around the world; Sponsored by Spain:
Ferdinand Magellan
Led the second voyage around the world; Sponsored by England:
Francis Drake
Claimed eastern Canada for France:
Jacques Cartier
What are the 3 steps to the Triangular Trade?
#1: Manufactured goods from Europe to Africa #2: Slaves from Africa to America #3: Agricultural goods from America to Europe
What is mercantilism?
Colonies are supposed to support the 'Mother Country'
What were the main effects of the Commercial Revolution?
Competition between European Nations for colonies and resources
The social class system of colonial Latin America was based on...
Race and place of birth
How was colonial Latin America governed?
Viceroys were appointed by the king/government mirrored the mother country
The main religion of colonial Latin America
Catholic
The two main economic activities of colonial Latin America:
*Agriculture *Exporting precious metals (mining)
How did the importing of precious metals affect Spain's economy?
It caused inflation
The Scientific Revolution
Scientists began placing emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature. They did this by using the scientific method which led to a significant expansion of scientific knowledge.
Discovered the Heliocentric Theory:
Nicholas Copernicus
Discovered planetary motion:
Johannes Kepler
Used the telescope:
Galileo
Laws of gravity
Isaac Newton
Discovered the circulation of blood:
William Harvey
Absolute monarchy
King or Queen has all political power
Define the Divine Right of Kings:
Belief that the monarchs power comes from God
*Ruled France *Built the Versailles Palace *Known as the "Sun King"
Louis XIV
*Ruled Russia *Built St. Petersburg *Known as "The Great" *Encourages westernization
Peter I
The Restoration
In the 1640s, members of Parliament rose up against the king, which began the Civil War. King Charles I was beheaded in 1649, and Oliver Cromwell took control of England. In 1660, Parliament invited Charles II to take the throne.
The Glorious Revolution
In 1688, Parliament forces James II from the throne. They invited William and Mary to take the throne. The new monarchs agreed to follow the laws made by Parliament. This meant that England was now a constitutional monarchy. They also signed the English Bill of Rights.
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was influenced by the Scientific Revolution. The philosophers of the Enlightenment applied reason to the human world as well as the natural world. Their ideas had a major impact on the world. They stimulated religious tolerance, and fuel democratic revolutions in many parts of the world.
3 events influenced by the Enlightenment
*French Revolution *American Revolution *Latin American Revolution
Miguel de Cervantes
Novelist who wrote Don Quixote
Eugene Delacroix
Romantic painter whose world included Liberty Leading the People
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Classical composer
Johann Sebastian Bach
Baroque composer
Wrote the Two Treatises of Government. Main ideas: *Natural rights *Life, liberty, property *Right to rebel against unjust government
John Locke
Wrote the Spirit of the Laws. Main ideas: *Best form of government has separation of power *3 branches of government
Baron de Montesquieu
Wrote the Social Contract. Main ideas: *Government by consent of the governed
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Wrote Camdide. Main ideas: *Freedom of religion *Enlightened despotism
Voltaire
Wrote The Wealth of Nations. Main ideas: *Natural laws of economics *Laissez Faire economy
Adam Smith
Wrote Leviathan. Main ideas: *Government protects people from their own selfishness *Absolute monarchy is best
Thomas Hobbes
Main causes of the French Revolution
*The old Regime *Economic inequality *The Enlightenment *American Revolution *Unfair taxes and inequality *Bankruptcy
What event is celebrated as the beginning of the French Revolution? When?
The Storming of the Bastille, 1789
What was the Reign of Terror?
Thousands were sent to the guillotine
Who was the king of France when the Revolution when it began? How did he die?
Louis XVI got sent to the guillotine
in 1799, Napoleon...
Seized power on France and later declared himself as the emperor. Through military conquest her temporarily brought most of Europe under his rule. He suffered a major defeat in Russia due to the harsh winter weather, and his enemy use of a scorched-earth policy. His final defeat was at Waterloo. His reign had a lasting impact on the continent. The Napoleonic code was a written set of laws that have influenced many countries. His conquests led to increased feelings of nationalism, which is pride in one's land and people. Following his defeat in 1815, European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna. There they restored the old monarchies and boundaries. They attempted to establish a balance of power in Europe. Most of the leaders sought to maintain the traditional system. This idea was called conservatism. Their opponents sought change. They wanted to give more power to the elected Parliaments. Thus was called liberalism. The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to unsuccessful attempts to unify Italy and Germany. In contrast to continental Europe, Britain expanded political rights through legislative means. They also abolished slavery.
Main cities that were established as outposts of colonial authority in Latin America:
-Havanna, Cuba -Lima, Peru -Mexico City, Mexico -Buenos Aires, Argentina -Sao Paulo, Brazil
Main causes of independence movements in Latin America and when:
*Early 1800s-1830ish -The Enlightenment -The American Revolution -The French Revolution -Rigid social class system
How did Brazil gain independence?
Dom Pedro PEACEFULLY led Brazil to independence from Portugal
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
1823 US policy in which the US would not tolerate future attempts by the Europeans to gain territory in the western hemisphere
Main effects of the Monroe Doctrine
The US became the dominant power in the western hemisphere
Revolution leader of Haiti:
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Revolution leader of South America (Venezuela)
Simon Bolivar
Revolution leader of Mexico:
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Main idea that motivated Italians and Germans to want to form unified nations
Nationalism
Define Realpolitik
A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations. (Do what you have to do to achieve your goals)
Who led the Italian unification in the North?
Count Cavour
Who led the Italian unification in the South?
Guiseppe Garibaldi "Red Shirts"
The last area to join Italy
The Papal States
Led the unification of Germany
Otto Van Bistmark
What was the final step in the unification of Germany?
The Franco-Prussion war (France vs. Russia)
The first industries to become industrialized were...
Textiles and mining
The Industrial Revolution began in...
Britain
Louis Pasteur
Discovered bacteria
Eli Whitney
Invented the cotton gin
James Hargreaves
Invented the Spinning Jenny
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles
Wrote The Communist Manifesto
James Watt
Improved the steam engine
Edward Jenner
Developed the smallpox vaccination
Henry Bessemer
Developed a process for making steel
How did the factory system differ from cottage industries?
*Mass production *Division of labor *More machines/better technology
What were the main goals of labor unions? What methods did they use to achieve them?
Higher wages and better working conditions. Used collective bargaining and strikes.
How did the invention of the cotton gin affect the slave trade?
It caused and increase in slave labor in the Americas
Define Laissez faire
A policy or attitude of letting things take their own course without interference
Define suffrage
The right to vote
Main ideas of communism
Capitalism is and unjust system due to the unequal distribution of wealth in society. Therefore wealth should be shared equally and private property should be abolished.
Main effects of the Industrial Revolution
*Urbanization *Pollution *Harsh working conditions *Child labor *Dissatisfaction of the working class *Increased population *Growth of the middle class *Demands for women's suffrage *Improved transportation *Goods became less expensive
Define Imperialism
A policy o extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force
3 main types of imperialism
*Colonies *Protectorates *Spheres of Influence
What type of imperialism was used in China?
Spheres of Influence
What was the British East India Company?
Established in 1600s to trade directly with India; gradually expanded its power in India
Reasons for Imperialism:
*Eurpeans needed raw materials for industries *Desire to spread Christianity *European nationalism *European military advantages *Need for markets for industrialized goods
Effects of Imperialism:
*Tensions contribution got WWI *Boxer Rebellion *Indian National Congress *Japan forced to end policy of nationalism
Fasted way to India
Suez Canal located in Egypt
Who was the leader of Germany during WWI?
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Why did the US enter WWI?
*Unrestricted submarine warfare *Sinking of the Lusitania *Zimmerman telegram
Who was the president of the US during WWI?
Woodrow Wilson
Why did Russia drop out of WWI?
Russian Revolution/Its army was losing and the people at home did not support the war.
Causes of WWI:
*Assassination of Franz Ferdinand *Alliances divided Europe *Nationalism *Militarism *Imperialism
Effects of WWI:
*Germany forced to pay reparations *Limits put on Germanys military *Break up of the Ottoman Empire *Break up of Austria-Hungary *The League of Nations *The Mandate System *The Fourteen Points (Woodrow Wilson)
Define Reparations:
The making of amends for a wrong one has done by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged. (Payment for damages after the war)
What were the main weaknesses of the League of Nations?
-US was not a member -No military to enforce its decisions
What were mandates?
Territories that were temporary occupation of a country in order to support a new country