VA/US History-SOL Vocabulary

A covenant community is a religious group whose members bind themselves to one another and to the group by a solemn agreement called a covenant

Form of government in which people vote on policy initiatives directly, as opposed to a representative democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives

A person who has contracted to work for another for a limited period, often in return for travel expenses, and sustenance

The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619

Businesses in which investors pool their wealth or a common purpose

Members of a group that wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman Catholic ritual and traditions in the Church of England

Members of the Society of Friends, a religious group persecuted for its beliefs in 17th century England

The voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America

A major leader during the Great Awakening; Stay stationary to spread the word

The Declaration of Independence were based of his writings in the Social Contract; Man had unalienable rights that consisted of life, liberty, and property

Author of the Declaration of Independence; Also wrote Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom; Doubled the size of the U.S. through the Louisiana Purchase

A 1765 law in which Parliament established the first direct taxation of goods and services within the Britist colonies in North America

Quoted for saying "Give me liberty, or give me death"

Colonists who supported American independence from Britain

Those who refused to take part in a war between other nations

Battle that started the Revolutionary War

Battle that is considered the turning point of the Revolutionary War

Prime Minister to France during the Revolutionary War, encouraged the French to join U.S. in the Revolutionary War

Meeting held between October 7 and 25, 1765 in New York City, consisting of representatives from some British colonies of North America; it was the first gathering of elected representatives from several of the American colonies to devise a unified protest against new British taxation

The state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than the other branches. The normal division of branches is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary

Favored by small states; Offered the idea of a unicameral (one house) legislature in which all states would have an equal number of votes

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, added in 1791 and consisting of a formal list of citizen's rights and freedoms

An opponent of a strong central government

The Constitution Convention's agreement to establish a two-house national legislature, with all states having equal representation in one house and each state having representation based on its population in the other house

Political party known for its support of strong state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalists Party

Thomas Jefferson won after a tie; It was the first peaceful transfer of power from one party to another

The Supreme Court's power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

Landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution

The marches in which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian Territory in 1838-1840, with thousands of the Cherokee dying on the way

Implemented the first presidential veto against the National Bank, introduced the Spoils System, advocated for the Trail of Tears

The practice of winning candidates' rewarding their supporters with government jobs

A bank owned by the state. An ordinary private bank which operates nationally as opposed to regionally or locally or even internationally

A series of agreements passed by Congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin

Planned a slave revolt in Virginia in 1800 that failed before it could get underway; Persecuted and executed

1854; Law that called for the creation of these two new territories and stated that citizens in each territory decide whether slavery would be allowed there

16th President during the Civil War; Republican

policy of lettinng the people in a territory decide whether slavery would be allowed there

Early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19-20, 1848

Women's right activists

President of the Confederacy during the Civil War

A famous speech by President Lincoln on the meaning of the Civil War

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, SC; The Confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Civil War battle in Mississippi that was won by the Union and allowed for Union forces to gani control of the Mississippi River

General of the Union Army during the Civil War

Where the Confederate Surrender of the Civil War was signed

One of the congressional Republicans who after the Civil War wanted to destory the political power of the former slaveholders and give African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote

Freed slaves; (1-3 SLAVES ARE FREE!)

Provided slaves with voting rights; (1-5 PICK A SIDE!)

Laws that required segregration of public services by race

A federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War

Major port for immigrants upon entering New York City

Immigrants from Eastern Europe and Asia

1862; Law that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country but did not prevent entry of those who had previously established U.S. residence

Inventor of Bessemer Steel Process; made it cheaper and easier to remove impurities to create steel

A multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary

Inventor of the lightbulb

Inventors of the airplane and air flight

Created a monolopy over the banking industry

Created a monolopy over the railroad industry

An 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races in public accomodations was legal, thus establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine

Started an anti-lynching crusade in support of African Americans

African American scholar and leader who encouraged African Americans to attend colleges to develop leadership skills

1866 labor-related violence in Chicago

1894 railway workers' strike that spread nationwide

An amendment to the U.S. Constituion, adopted in 1913, that provides for the election of U.S. senators by the people rather than by state legislatures

Amendment for Phohibition (1-8 STEM 'EM STRAIGHT)

President during Imperialism, "Speak softly and carry a big stick"

Policy that ensured all nations had equal trading rights with China

President Taft urged American banks and bussiness to invest in Latin American; sought to increase and protect US investments abroad

An association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace

President during WWI

The 1919 peace treaty at the end of World War I which established new nations, borders, and war reparations

Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by their legislature

A process in which citizens can put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting voter's signatures on a petition

President Franklin Roosevelt's program to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression, focusing on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform

Relief, recovery, reform

Agricultural Adjustment Act; A law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lower production

A law enacted in 1935 to provide aid to retirees, the unemployed, people with disabilities, and families with dependent children

The day following Thanksgiving Day in the United States, traditionally the beginning of the Christmas shopping season. On this day, most major retailers open extremely early, often at 4 a.m., or earlier, and offer promotional sales to kick off the shopping season

Totalitarian dictator of Germany

Allied military strategy in the European Theater

A law passed in 1941, that allowed the US to ship arms and other supplies without immediate payment, to Nations fighting the Axis powers

December 7,1941; Japan carried out an air attack on the American Naval Base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan

June 6, 1944; Normandy

Month long seige that prevented Germany from getting oil fields in the Soviet Union. Turned the tide against Germany in the East

Truman ordered the dropping of the Atomic bomb to force Japan to surrender

In WWI, the group of nations-originally consisting of Great Britain, France and Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy and others that opposed the Central Powers. In WWII, the group of nations-including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States that opposed the Axis Powers

German forces threatened to seize Egypt and the Suez Canal and were defeated by the British. This prevented Hitler from gaining access to Middle Easten Oil

Hitler's plan to exterminate all German jews and undesireables

The U.S. Military employed this code during WWII, which was impossible for the Japanese to break or understand

Systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group.

The court preceedings held in Nuremburg, Germany after WWII, in which Nazi leaders were charged with war crimes

Debt securities issued by a government for the purpose of financing military operations during times of war

Figure head to encourage women to become a part of the war effort during WWII

War between North and South Korea to prevent communist North Korea from forcing South Korea to become communist

The competition that developed after WWII between the United States and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world, until the collapse of the Soviet Union

Program of economic assistance to Western Europe

Military alliance between Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe formed in 1955

US President during Vietnam who was later assassinated

US President during Vietnam who extended troops into Vietnam

Ideology of the Soviet Union, characterized there by complete government ownership of land and property, single party contol of the government, lack of individual rights, and the call for a worldwide revolution

A dividing line for Korea

President Nixon's policy of replacing American military forces with those of South Vietnam

Failed invasion of Cuba by a group of anti-Castro forces in 1961

Accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury

The attacks, often unsubstanciated, by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being Communists in the early 1950's

Soviet leader at the end of the Cold War

US President who ordered the tearing down of the Berlin Wall

NAAPC Lawyer, and also Virginia's Representative during the Brown v. Board of Education case

Amendment that stated they could no longer charge people to vote

Civil rights leader who encouraged peaceful protest, led the Montgomery Bus Boycott

A law the banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national orgin, or religion in public places and most workplaces

American jurist who was the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States

Term refers to "the unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements". Initially, the metaphor applied to barriers in the careers of women but was quickly extended to refer to obstacles hindering the advancement of minority men, as well as women

Set of laws that allows for the government to have access to any person personal records, phone calls, etc.

First person to step onto the moon's suface

Field of education that focuses on teaching methods and technology with the aim of delivering teaching, often on an individual basis, to students who are not physically present in a traditional educational setting such as a classroom

The first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the colonists, later together known to history as the Pilgrims, who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower

English nobility who received large land grands in Eastern Virginia from the King of England

First permanent colony in America, settled in 1607

English joint stock company established by royal charter by James I of England on April 10, 1606 with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America

The transatlantic system of trade in which goods and people, including slaves, were exchanged between Arica, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America

Name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States

A revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730's and 1750's

The transfer beginning with Columbus's first voyage-of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hemisphere

A major leader during the Great Awakening, travelled around spreading the word

Wrote the pamphlet, Common Sence, which persuaded many colonists to declare independence from Britain

An order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

A clash between British soldiers and Boston coloniest in 1770, in which five of the colonists were killed

First President of the United States

Colonists who supported the British government during the American Revolution

The dumping of 18,000 pounds of tea in Boston Harbor by colonists in 1773 to protest the Tea Act

First Supreme Court justice

Last major battle during the American Revolutionary War

A document, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the United States

3 out of every 5 slaves would be counted in the general population, for representation purposes

Father of the Constitution

Favored by large states; Representation was based on population, unicameral

Supporters of the Constitution and of a strong national government

Wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights; Along with James Madison he was also called the "Father of the Bill of Rights"

The 19th century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory

Founder of the National Bank

An 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power came to be known as Judicial Review

An 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the Bank of the United States, thereby strengthening the power of the federal government's control over the economy

Pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops launched an assault on the Alamo Mission. All but two of the Texian defenders were killed

To delete or throw away; Get rid of; Presidents right of action in the Separation of Powers

A state's refusal to recognize an at of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

a U.S. financial crisis in which banks closed and the credit system collapsed, resulting in many bankruptcies and high unemployment

A tax on goods

White leader of radical abolitionist movement and founded The Liberator

African American preacher who led a slave revolt in 1831 and was captured and hung after the revolt failed

Agreement designed to ease tensions cause by the expansion of slavery into western territories

Withdraw formally from membership in a federal union, an alliance, or a political or religious organization

Illinois senator who introduced the Kansas Nebraska Act and debated Abraham Lincoln on slavery issues in 1858

Ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that people of African descent brought into the United States and held as slaves or their descendants, whether or not they were slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens

An American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement

Commander of the Confederate army

Former slave who became a leading abolitionist writer; publisher of abolitionist newspaper the Northern Star

Civil War battle in PA that was won by the Union and became the turning point of the war

Civil War battle considered to be the first battle of the war

An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1,1863, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines

General of the Confederate Army

Freed slave who joined the abolitionists movement

Impeached during Reconstruction by Radical Republicans

Provided slaves with citizenship

A series of congressional measures under which the Democrats agreed to accept the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes as president, even though he had lost the popular vote. The measures included withdrawal of federal troops from Southern states, federal money for improving southern infrastructure, an the appointment of a conservative Southern cabinet member

Discriminatory laws passed throughout the post-Civil War South which severely restricted African Americans' lives

Railway extending from coast to coast

Immigrants from Western Europe

The term used to describe the bleding of cultures between Americans and the immigrants

Law that ended quotas for individual countries and replaced them with more flexible limits

Industrialist who made a fortune in steel monolopy

Inventor of the telephone

Auto manufacturer in early 1900s; made affordable cars for the masses using the assembly line

Created a monolopy over the banking industry

Doctine stating that government generally should not interfere in private business

Migration of African Americans who moved to cities in the North

Founded Tuskegee Institute; Believed in vocational education

Left-wing political party that ran former Vice President Henry A. Wallace of Iowa for president and U.S. Senator Glen H. Taylor of Idaho for vice president in 1948

1892 strike in Pennsylvania against Carnegie steel

Law passed by Congress in 1890 that outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce

Law to strengthen the Sherman Anti Trust Act that specified big business activities that were forbidden

Amendment that provided women with the right to vote (1-9 WOMEN ARE FINE)

Stronger nations create empires by dominating weaker nations for economic and political gain

Canal financially supported by the US built in Panama; made the shipments of goods more efficient

"Open Door Policy"

War between U.S. and Spain leading to imperial movements in Central and South American and the Philippines by the U.S.

Plan by Woodrow Wilson to bring peace and end WWI through methods such as no secret treaties between Nations

Those who refused to take part n a war between other nations

A period, lasting from 1929 to 1940, in which the U.S. economy was in severe decline and millions of Americans were unemployed

Procedure that permits voters to remove public officials from office before the next election

Implemented the New Deal

FDR pushed several programs through Congress to provide relief, create jobs, and stimulate the economy

War Powers Act; a law enacted in 1973, limiting a presdient's right to send tropps into battle without consulting Congress

Civilian Conservation Corps; an agency, established as part of the New Deal, that put young unemplyed men to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees, and helping erosion-control and flood-control projects

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; an agency created in 1933 to insure individuals' bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures

From the German word meaning "lightening war", a sudden, massive attack with combined air and ground forces, intended to achieve a quick victory

An allied military strategy in the Pacific Theater

President during WWII, ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb

The partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country, in order to isolate it

American victory over Japan; "Miracle of Midway" Stopped the invasion of Hawaii

Brought American soldiers closer than ever to Japan. Japanese commited suicide, rather than surrender

Used by the United States to win the war with Japan

The group of Nations-including Germany, Italy, and Japan-that opposed the Allies in World War II

The group of Nations-led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire-that opposed the Allies in World War I

Most famous Asian American miltiary unit

Most famous African-American military unit

Name of POW indident in which American POW's suffered brutal treatment by the Japanese after the surrender in the Phillipines

Hitler's plan to exterminate all German Jews and undesireables

An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1,1863, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines

Restriction of people's right to buy unlimited amounts of particular foods and other goods, often implemented during wartime to ensure adequate supplies for the military

Confinement or a restriction in moving, espescially under wartime conditions

War between North and South Vietnam in order to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist

a U.S. policy, announced by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, of providing economic and military aid to free nations, threatened by internal or external opponants

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by ten Western European countries, the United States, and Canada

WWII general who later became president at the beginning of the Vietnam War

US President who ordered the tearing down of the Berlin Wall

Society in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives

An international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong, founded in 1945 to promote world peace, security, and economic development

Alcohol again (2-1 LETS HAVE SOME FUN)

Communist dictator of Cuba during the Cold War

1962 crisis that arose between the US and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt depoloy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Were American communists who were executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage

The open discussion of social problems that was permitted in the Soviet Union in the 1980's

Meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuration of the Soviet polotical and economic system

Landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional

NAACP Lawyer, during the Brown v. Board of Education

African American Muslim minister and human rights activist

Largest political rally for human rights in United States history and called for civil and economic rights for African Americans. It took place in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march

Landmark piece of national legislation in the United States that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S

First female American astronaut

War waged by a U.N.-authorized coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait

U.S. Astronaut; was the first American to orbit the Earth

Work arrangement in which employees enjoy flexibility in working location and hours

An American medical researcher and virologist, best known for his discovery and development of the first safe and effective polio vaccine