U.S. History Unit 2

the legislative assembly composed of delegates(well educated aristocrats) from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution; they issued the Declaration of Independence and framed Articles of Confederation 1st congress- 1774 -55 delegates drew up the Declaration of rights and grievances and agree on laws they want repealed 2nd congress- 1775 -focus on war operation and colonial government

Declared that America will obey parliament but will not recognize full authority, and will resist taxes and things they do not have a part in decision making

colonists refused to buy any British goods. and eventually to sell anything to the british.

Groups of men who helped public with boycott. Served like a local government. Spied on loyalists( to George III) and merchant accounts.

1775 - Commanding General of British troops in America before and at beginning of American Revolution - ordered arrest of colonial leaders, but then settled on a Planned raid on Concord which started the American revolution

Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, Chairman of the Constitutional Convention, 1st U.S. President. 1789-1797. No Party

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride(north) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming, also helped spread false images of Boston-Massacre and spread revolutionary ideas.

A leader of the Sons of Liberty who rode (south) opposite Paul Revere to warn that the British where coming

called for an american army to be organized and led by G. wash., an american navy to be created to disrupt british shipping, and a military expedition to be led by benedict arnold to wrest canada from the british empire, showed colonies still hesitant about breaking with Britain, but taking up arms to defend liberties and freedoms. Written same time as Olive Branch Petition

Still pledge loyalty to King George III but are still asking Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and British troops out of the colonies; John Adams word that it won't work and war is inevitable gets to George III. George III didn't want anything to do with them and declared all colonies in a state of rebellion

wrote Common Sense where he argued for republicanism over a monarchy and colonial independence

Called for independence; Rejection of British rule and British model of rule; Challenged assumptions about government; written in common speech and sold over 120,000 copies in 3 months.

A co-author of the Federalist Papers, he was an influential delegate of the Constitutional Convention later to be called the Father of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. By writing the Bill of Rights, he secured the faith of those who were not sure about the Constitution. 4th president of the US.(democratic republican)

Hamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States(controls all state banks through supply of money and federal supremacy). Also has federal government assume all debt from war, which ties financial interests of the rich to the success of the new nation

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River, as well as fishing rights off newfoundland. The American colonists still had to repay huge debt, and return land to loyalists(never happens)

Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances(Can't tax) or maintain stability(can't raise and maintain an army; government had no real executive). The Constitution replaced them in 1789

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

American delegate who signed Treaty of Paris; New York lawyer and diplomat who negotiated with Britain and Spain on behalf of the Confederation; he later became the first chief justice of the Supreme Court and negotiated Jay's Treaty (Britain leaves forts in NE, and said it would start commissions to deal with debts and seizures of american goods)

The Ordinance of 1784 - Written by Thomas Jefferson, divided the Old Northwest into territories that would become the states when their population equaled that of the smallest existing state. The Land Ordinance of 1785 - Promoted settlement by mandating a rectangular grid system of surveying that could be completed quickly, and by encouraging large-scale land purchases. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - Created the territories that would eventually become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The ordinance prohibited slavery in those states, and used funds from land-sales for the support of schools. When population reached 5,000 free adult men, the citizens could elect a territorial legislature. At 60,000, the legislature could ratify a constitution and apply to join the confederation.

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. Conflict ends with militia firing on men they served with in the revolution.

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

It is a canal in New York State, United States, that runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean It cut transport costs into what was then wilderness by about 90%. The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement. built early 1800s

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. He later kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel.

..., also known as Calhoun's Exposition, was written in 1828 by John C. Calhoun, the Vice President of the United States under John Quincy Adams. Calhoun did not formally state his authorship at the time, though it was known. The document was a protest against the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations. The document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede. It stated also Calhoun's Doctrine of nullification, i.e., the idea that a state has the right to reject federal law, first introduced by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in their Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820), kept balance of free states and lave states.

..., A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Election of 1824, no candidate gets majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. Principle later used by southern states.

A state of undeclared war between France and America that was fought at sea. It was over the aftermath of Jay's Treaty and the refusal of the United States to repay their debts to the old French Government., Also known as the "undeclared war", the US armed some ships and attacked French ships (key: showed France that US is willing to fight), but avoided a full out war

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. starts Quasi-War

Agreement negotiated by john jay to work out problems between britain and the US over the western frontier trade in the caribbean, british seizure of US ships, and debts owed to british merchants. British agrees to leave forts and set up commisions to deal w/ search and siezures of ships.(Americans not happy because it did nothing to punish british)

The treaty between America and Spain in 1795 which granted America practically all they demanded, including navigation of the Mississippian, and the territory north of Florida.

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

The Virginia Plan was presented to the Constitutional Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. The Virginia Plan favored the large states, which would have a much greater voice. In opposition, the small states proposed the New Jersey Plan. In the end, the two sides found common ground through the Connecticut Compromise.

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party.

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Gives source of revenue to US Government. Allowed Congress to collect taxes and regulate commerce. Imposed 5-10% import duty on must goods, all things the government could not do under the Articles of Confederation.

Created a federal and district courts. Organized the Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associate justices. (6 justices!)

Battle between US troops and an American Indian confederation that ended Indian efforts to halt white settlement in the Northwest Territory. Resulted in the Treaty of Grenville (1795)

Treaty signed after Native American resistance falls at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Natives sign away rights to land including Ohio, Detroit, and Chicago

1) French Ambassafor 2) made a grand tour of America through the U.S gaining support for the French cause 3)Jefferson likes him ,but is later embarassed by him 4)secretly trys to raise an army to fight Englands allie Spain

..., These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Was one of the famous arrestees of the Alien and Sedition Acts. His crime was spitting at a Federalist's face and criticizing Adam's policies. First person to run for congress from jail and win.

a nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office (including John Marshall). He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms.

One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government. Also reduced supreme court to 5 judges.

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review. (appointed by John Adams as a midnight judge). He wrote majority opinions, starts wearing black robes and a white shirt, oversees Marburry v. Madison(1803)

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

Incident at sea in which, three Americans were killed and four others were taken captive and impressed in to the British navy. Americans demanded war, but Jefferson resorted to to diplomacy and economic pressure.

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Jame's Madison's 1810 ploy to get either Britain or France to lift trade restrictions. The Bill stated that if either country agreed to free trade with the U.S., sanctions would be re-imposed against the other country.

..., a treaty signed in Belgium that ends the War of 1812; it is signed in 1814 but since news took over six weeks to get across, the Battle of New Orleans was still fought in 1815, war was basically a draw, nothing lost, so most everyone alright with outcome.

..., Federalists proposed : 1. eliminating 3/5ths rule because south dominated the House 2. requiring 2/3 vote in Congress for new states, embargoes, and war 3. limiting presidents to 1 term 4. holding conference to discuss possibility of secession. In the end it only led to the federalists losing support and their eventual demise.

..., vice president under both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson; he wrote Exposition and Protest and led the nullification fight in 1832 and 1833. As senator and vice president, he was the leading voice for southern states' rights from 1828 to 1850.

Influential Whig senator from Kentucky who supported the 1816 Second National Bank, helped pass the Missouri Compromise through the House of Representatives in 1820, candidate in the 1824 election in which he supported the American System, supported the American Colonization Society, and lost to Polk in the 1844 election

Desire to insulate the US in the Western Hemisphere from the old worlds problems as new nations become independent in Latin America.. Issued to keep European nations out of control in western hemisphere and because it supported British economic gains, the help of the royal navy allowed it to stick. British wanted to make it a joint statement but the US elected to operate alone.

(Old Hickory) was a war veteran, a POW, and a wealthy slave owner, as well a participant in 13 duels. Appealed to a wide range of "common people".As president he opposed the Bank of US, did not allow individual states to nullify federal laws, was responsible for the Indian Removal Act, the "Trail of Tears". Created Spoils System, strengthened the executive branch, vetoed 12 times. Overall did not help Common Man,led to Panic of 1837 and economic uncertainty. Was 7th president of the US (democratic republican)

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

..., Bloody slave revolt in VA. "The Spirit" told him to do it. 1831 killed almost 60 whites. White militia quickly dispersed his poorly armed force. was captured and hanged. VA assembly debated a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization, it was rejected and the S states toughened their slave codes (limited movement of blacks, prohibited teaching them to read)

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. Led to nullification crisis.

The theory advanced by John Calhoun in response to the Tariff of 1828 (the Tariff of Abominations); states, acting through a popular convention, could declare a law passed by Congress "null and void"; the roots of the idea go back to Jefferson and Madison's compact theory of government and are originally spelled out in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements.

..., Southerners wanted to count slaves in population to get more representation and tax money; compromise counted each slave as 3/5 of a person

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Was a blow to the Cherokee case, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of Indian Removal Act.

In 1830 a Georgia law had required whites in the territory to get licenses authorizing their residence there, and to take an oath of allegiance to the state. Two New England missionaries among the Indians refused and were sentenced to four years at hard labor. On appeal their case reached the Supreme Court as Worcester v. Georgia (1832), Marshall determined that Cherokees were a sovereign nation under U.S. Treaty, and Georgia could not interfere, Andrew Jackson: "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it."

Virginia imposed taxes on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court answered two questions in a case pertaining to a failure to pay taxes: the extent of powers in the Constitution are open to interpretation, and that the states may not tax a federal institution.

Convention 1818 - a treaty between the United States and Britain enacted in 1817 (signed April 28-29, 1817 in Washington, DC). The treaty provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained. The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America, joint occupation of Oregon

Spain ceded florida to the US, in exchange for US renouncing claim to texas region and $5 million

the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional

A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. later served as the second President of the United States.(federalist). VP Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States. Democratic republican (VP Aron Burr, George Clinton)

5th president, begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri, as well as reigning over the Era of Good Feelings. Also Author of Monroe Docterine

Sixth president of the United States He was in favor of funding national research and he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. During his presidency the National Republicans were formed in support of him.