phonemic awareness is
the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds--phonemes--in spoken words
phonemic awareness is important because
it improves word reading, reading comprehension, and spelling
phonemic awareness can be developed through a number of activities, including asking children to
identify phonemes, categorize phonemes, blend phonemes into words, segment words into phonemes, delete or add phonemes, and substitute phonemes
phonemic awareness instruction is most effective
when children are taught to manipulate phonemes by using the letters of the alphabet and when instruction focuses on one or two types of phoneme manipulation at a time
phonics instruction
helps children learn the relationships between the letters of written language and the sounds of spoken language
phonics instruction is important because
it leads to an understanding of the alphabetic principle which is the systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds
alphabetic principle
the systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds
programs of phonics instruction are effective when they are
systematic and explicit
systematic phonics instruction
is a plan of instruction that includes a carefully selected set of letter-sound relationships that are organized into a logical sequence
explicit phonics instruction
are programs that provide teachers with precise directions for the teaching of these relationships
effective phonics programs provide
lots of opportunities for children to apply what they are learning about letters and sounds to the reading of words, sentences, and stories
systematic and explicit phonics instruction
improves word recognition, spelling, and reading comprehension, and is most effective when it begins in kindergarten or first grade
fluency is
the ability to read a text accurately and quickly
fluency is important because
it frees students to understand what they read
reading fluency can be developed
by modeling fluent reading and by having students engage in repeated oral reading
monitoring student progress in reading fluency
good for evaluating instruction and setting instructional goals and can be motivating to students
vocabulary refers to
the words we must know to communicate effectively
oral vocabulary
words that we use in speaking or recognize in listening
reading vocabulary
words we recognize or use in print
vocabulary is important because
beginning readers use their oral vocabulary to make sense of what they read and readers must know the meaning of words before they can understand what they have read
vocabulary can be developed
indirectly and directly
indirectly
when students engage daily in speaking, listening to adults read, and reading on their own
directly
when students are explicitly taught both individual words and word learning strategies
text comprehension is important because
comprehension is the reason for reading
text comprehension is
purposeful and active
text comprehension can be developed
by teaching comprehension strategies
text comprehension strategies can be taught
through explicit instruction, cooperative learning, and having readers use strategies flexibly and in combination
