Psych Test 2

Infants develop behavioral schemes, whereas children develop _____ schemes

Nine-year-old AJ enjoys participating in organized sports. He is developing an idea of belonging to a team. AJ's concept of being a team member is an example of a(n)

The cognitive process of assimilation occurs when individuals

Lexi calls every animal she sees a cat. This is an example of

Devin plays in the sand for the first time. Instead of digging in it, he tries to scoop and throw it, just like he plays with water in his bathtub. This is an example of

Tim understands that vehicles may be cars, buses, trucks, or vans. This is an example of

The cognitive process of accommodation occurs when individuals

Eventually children learn not to put everything in their mouths. This is an example of

Matthew has scattered ideas about how to compete in different sports. He is slowly constructing a concept of playing on a team. According to Piaget, Matthew is

Cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world is called

Daniel is confused when his mother prompts him to say hello to a person he doesn't know, because he understands the "don't talk to strangers" rule. Daniel is in

According to Piaget, what is a child's motivation for change?

Piaget's stages signify

Which of Piaget's stages lasts from birth to about 2 years of age?

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages?

Rooting and sucking occur during the first sensorimotor substage called

When 3-week-old Kierra is held horizontally, she turns her head toward the adult and starts sucking. This is an example of which sensorimotor substage?

Cole kicks his legs when he listens to his lullaby CD at bedtime. When he wakes in the morning, he starts kicking in an attempt to start the music. This is an example of a

What is the main difference between a reflex and a habit?

A scheme based on a reflex that has become completely separate from its eliciting stimulus is called a

Todd loves the toys on his infant bouncer seat and hits them frequently for the sake of experiencing fascination. He is in which sensorimotor substage?

Baby Kale sees a Lego on the floor. He picks it up and looks at it while turning it around and moving it from one hand to the other. Kale is in which of Piaget's sensorimotor substages?

Baby Dennis sees a ball on the floor. He picks it up, looks at it carefully, and then bangs it on the ground. He picks it up again, holds it over his head, and drops it. Then he picks it up and throws it. Dennis continues playing for several minutes. Dennis is in which of Piaget's sensorimotor substages?

Gabbi bangs her spoon on her highchair to indicate that she would like more Cheerios. Her spoon is a symbol of eating. Gabbi is in which sensorimotor substage?

Madeline leaves her 3-month-old son with a childcare provider. Piaget would argue that Madeline's son does not miss Madeline because he has not developed

Mimi crawls into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves the room. According to Piaget, this shows Mimi is capable of

Object permanence is important because it means that infants are able to

Baby Alec fusses when his brother takes away a toy. Alec has developed

Which of the following would be impossible without object permanence?

When her mother takes away her stuffed rabbit, Barbara looks to her toy box rather than behind her mother's back. Barbara has committed a(n)

Trent watches his mother hide a block under one of two cups and lifts the correct cup to retrieve the block. When his mother hides the block under the other cup, he still lifts the original cup to search for the block. Trent has demonstrated a(n)

The research of Spelke and Baillargeon shows that infants as young as 3 or 4 months old are capable of object permanence. Critics question whether an infant's _____ is a valid measure of object permanence.

The preoperational stage lasts from ages

Piaget labeled his second stage preoperational thought, meaning that children in this phase

Five-year-old Marta draws a picture with purple, blue, green, yellow, and brown. "It's a boat on the ocean at sunset, with whales jumping all around it!" she explains. Marta is showing evidence of

Angie asks her grandmother over the phone, "Do you like my new shirt that I'm wearing?" This is an example of

Animism and egocentrism represent limitations in the preoperational child's thinking, because they indicate an inability to

Karl covers his stuffed toys before bedtime to make sure they are not cold. This is an example of

Adam cries that the tree root tripped him. This is an example of

During Piaget's intuitive thought substage, a child's reasoning is fairly

Janie is exhausting her father with a barrage of "why" questions. She is trying to figure out why things are the way they are. Janie is in Piaget's

According to Piaget, which of the following is characteristic of a child in the preoperational stage?

The belief in the permanence of certain attributes of objects or situations despite superficial changes is called

Nathan and Sara are eating granola bars. Sara breaks her bar in half. Nathan gets upset because Sara has two granola bars. Nathan has not developed the concept of

Focusing attention on one characteristic of an object or concept to the exclusion of all others is

A child who understands that the amount of clay does not differ when it is stretched into a long strip or rolled into a large ball has grasped the concept of

In explaining the ability to conserve, Piaget focuses on _____.

What does Gelman (1969) indicate as an important factor in a child's performance on conservation tasks?

The concrete operational stage lasts from ages

Which of the following characterizes the concrete operational stage?

A reversible mental action on a real object is a

Cassidy understands that her mother is also her grandparents' daughter, her cousin's aunt, and her uncle's sister. This is an example of

Brenda sorts buttons by shape, size, type, or color. Classification is a characteristic of which Piagetian stage?

Julio understands that he is older than his brother and younger than his sister. This is an example of

A teacher asks his class to line up according to height. Todd knows that he must be taller than the person he stands in front of and shorter than the person he stands behind. He also recognizes that everyone in front of him is taller than everyone behind him. This is an example of

The formal operational stage appears between ages

Marni thinks about how the world could be if everyone took more personal responsibility for the environment. Marni is in which of Piaget's stages? Formal operational.

According to Piaget, adolescents differ from younger children in that younger children cannot

"What if the sun were to explode?" asks Alene. "But it never has," replies Janis. "But what if it DID?" insists Alene. In this example, Alene is exhibiting __________ thought, whereas Janis is showing __________ thought.

Thirteen-year-old Austin fairs well when he plays 20 Questions with his younger brother, because Austin is able to effectively use

Which of the following stages do children usually enter later than Piaget thought?

Which of the following is true of the formal operational stage?

Piaget argues that the initial development of formal operations is largely dominated by _____. Assimilation.

While preparing his science project, Carlos systematically tests his best guess on his subject and draws conclusions from the results. What formal operation is he using? reasoning.

Younger children do not engage in the same type of egocentric thought as adolescents, because younger children

Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by

Jillian feels like she is the center of attention and acts as though she were "on stage." This aspect of adolescent egocentrism is known as

Halene is sure that her classmates are staring at her new haircut. This is an example of

Some adolescents engage in risky behaviors, because they believe they are invulnerable to the negative consequences of these actions. This is an example of

Sophie feels that her parents do not understand her. This is an example of

Following the homecoming game, a group of senior high school students went to a party where they drank alcohol and drove home. This behavior is MOST likely linked to their adolescent sense of

Jamal is a 17-year-old high school student. Which of the following statements about his cognitive stage of development is TRUE?

Which of the following BEST characterizes cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?

Which of the following teaching methods would a Piagetian science teacher employ?

A kindergarten teacher instructs parent volunteers to take a Piagetian approach when interacting with his students during learning center time. He recommends the volunteers

Ms. Skinner espouses Piagetian assessment. Which of the following is she likely to use to evaluate her students?

A mother spends an hour a day instructing her infant with flashcards and video lessons. What would Piaget say the likely result of this instruction will be?

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's cognitive development theory? thought.

In assessing the ability to conserve, research findings indicate that this skill

Which of the following do Neo-Piagetians argue should have more emphasis in cognitive developmental theory?

Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children

Piaget's theory of development centered on interaction with the physical world, while Vygotsky's focused on

Vygotsky differs from Piaget in how he stresses the importance of _____ for cognitive development.

According to Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone, but that can be learned with guidance and assistance, is

Breanne is learning to walk. She can take a few steps if she holds on to a piece of furniture, but she can only walk into the middle of the room if a parent holds her hands. Which of the following represents the lower limit of Breanne's zone of proximal development for walking?

Breanne is learning to walk. She can take a few steps if she holds on to a piece of furniture, but she can only walk into the middle of the room if a parent holds her hands. Which of the following represents the "buds" or "flowers" of development according to Vygotsky?

Ms. Whitaker incorporates peer tutoring in her classroom. With whose theory does this method fit?

Mr. Kaird incorporates peer tutoring in his classroom. This is an example of

Changing the level of support in the zone of proximal development is labeled

When working with young children, adults often provide assistance, instruction, and other support. As children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, Vygotsky recommends that adults begin to withdraw these supports. This demonstrates the concept of

Vygotsky believed that private speech is

Brent talks himself through his math calculation homework. This is an example of

What did Vygotsky believe about the development of thought and language?

Vygotsky's theory states that children use speech not only for social communication but also for

Private speech has been shown to improve all of the following EXCEPT

When self-talk becomes second nature to children and they can act without verbalizing, they have begun to use

Mrs. Marsden hears a student arranging story cards. "Hmm, I think this one goes first and next is that one. No, maybe that one." She is witnessing the student's

According to Vygotsky, how should a teacher help a student with new learning?

According to Vygotsky, the main purpose of assessment should be to

Mr. Jericho, an elementary school math teacher, needs to teach his students how to make change. Vygotsky would recommend that he

Tools of the Mind is an early childhood education curriculum that emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT

Children in Tools of the Mind classrooms exhibit more advanced skills in __________ than their peers in other early childhood programs.

According to Piaget and Vygotsky, a teacher's role is that of

Neither Vygotsky's nor Piaget's theory had much to say about

Labouvie-Vief (1986) argued that as young adults face the constraints of reality

According to Schaie (1977), as young adults begin working, cognitive development switches from

Which statement summarizes what Perry (1970) believes about the cognitive level of a typical adolescent?

According to William Perry, adult thinking is

Which of the following is NOT an element of postformal thought?

The cognitive developmental theories of Vygotsky, Piaget, and information processing share a focus on how people

Which processes are required for effective information processing at any age?

The information-processing approach to cognitive development is concerned mainly with

Which of the following is TRUE according to the information-processing approach?

According to Siegler, which three mechanisms work together to create changes in children's cognitive skills?

What is the process by which information gets into memory?

Lane is learning to recognize lowercase letters. He is able to do this by ignoring the fact that some lowercase letters do not look like their uppercase counterparts. This is an example of

Tim is learning about Roman numerals. He _____ the relevant fact that the symbols 5 and V represent the same amount and _____ the irrelevant differences in their shape.

Dallas no longer has to think about each letter in a word as he is reading. This skill is becoming more automatic, because Dallas

Learning to drive a car requires deliberate coordination of mental processes but eventually becomes nearly effortless. This is the concept of

The creation of a new procedure for processing information is

"Knowing about knowing" is called

Siegler argues that children learn to use what they have learned in the past to adapt their responses to new situations. This is known as

Which of the following influences what we can do with information?

Which of the following statements accurately describes processing speed?

In Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study, processing speed began to decline in

Which of the following may help older adults compensate for declines in processing speed? Exercise.

Which of the following statements regarding the decline of reaction time is correct?

Stacy is vigilant in her watch for any change in her baby's breathing. This is an example of _____ attention.

Attention in infancy to the "what" and "where" are examples of a _____ process.

Rob is listening to Katie's anecdote amidst the loud music and laughter of many others at the party. This is an example of _____ attention.

_____ attention enables infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a new stimulus as it becomes familiar.

Planning, monitoring, and attending to goals are examples of _____ attention.

Monica rotates the presentation of her infant's toys every few weeks, because she doesn't want him to become bored or

Which of the following is an important skill for learning in the classroom?

Ruth is listening to her teacher despite the noise coming from a nearby classroom. Her attention allocation is

Jon listens to his favorite CD while he studies for tomorrow's exam. This is an example of _____ attention.

Joint attention requires all of the following EXCEPT

One-year-old Harry's mother looks outside at a large dog passing by. Harry looks outside, too. This is an example of

Baby Emily and her mother often engage in joint attention. Emily will most likely do which of the following?

A police officer visits Laura's preschool class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings balloons. Later, Laura tells her parents about the police officer and the balloons but can't remember any of the discussed safety rules. Laura paid more attention to what was

Kennedy is playing a computer game that shows a monster falling in mud when the answer is wrong. Kennedy cares less about answering incorrectly and more about watching the humorous event. The monster falling in mud is more

In which of the following areas is preschool children's control of attention deficient?

Young children advance in executive attention and sustained attention due, in part, to advances in which of the following?

The processing of irrelevant information decreases rapidly during

Older adults are frequently characterized as unsafe drivers. Declining driving skills may be due to an apparent decrease in

Lower levels of executive attention in older adults have been linked to

The retention of information over time is referred to as

What are the three processes required for memory?

According to schema theory, people

At a family reunion, Uncle Joe told a story about his childhood. Which of the following statements is MOST likely true?

Which of the following statements characterizes the schema theory of memory?

Infants as young as _____ month(s) of age show a limited type of memory.

The Rovee-Collier (1987, 2007) study in which infants kicked to try to move a familiar mobile, but not an unfamiliar one, indicates that young infants

Mandler's main criticism of the Rovee-Collier studies on infant memory is that

Josh sorts and washes his laundry without having to read instructions. What type of memory is he using?

Most adults do not remember much from their first 3 years of life. This is the phenomenon of

Infantile amnesia may be a due to

Without rehearsal, how long can information remain in short-term memory?

Which of the following enables conscious memories to improve throughout a child's second year?

Working memory is

While Leah works on a science experiment, she is manipulating and assembling new information, making decisions, and solving problems. What type of memory is she using?

Some experts believe that children should not testify in court because

All of the following are strategies to reduce suggestibility when interviewing children EXCEPT

While reading a book for literature class, Kelly tried to relate to the character's struggles and note how they are similar and different from her own life. To improve her long-term memory of the book, Kelly is

While studying for a history exam, Michael finds it easier to recall details if he creates a mental picture relating to the information he is reviewing. What memory strategy is he using?

Jinni finds certain concepts from her human development class easy to remember, because she is able to associate the information with many of her own childhood experiences. What memory strategy is she using?

Which of the following regarding fuzzy trace theory is true? Memory and reasoning skills are improved when older children begin to use gist rather than verbatim memory trace to recall information. Eighty-year-old Kathleen will show a steady decline in

The ability to consciously remember the past is known as

"I remember my first vacation to Manhattan, New York, in 1949, and staying at the Casablanca Hotel," says Mabel, who is 77 years old. This is an example of

Devon recalls details of his seventh birthday party. What type of memory is he using?

Memory without conscious recollection is known as

Derek no longer concentrates on keystrokes as he types. What type of memory is this?

Explicit memory is also known as declarative memory, while implicit memory is also known as _____ memory.

Sally tells a joke to her friend Helen. Helen smiles and responds, "I told you that joke yesterday!" Sally's embarrassment is due to

Most research shows that most babies do not show explicit memory until

Rita remembers when she received a school award for perfect attendance. What type of memory is this?

General academic and field-of-expertise knowledge is labeled _____ memory.

Evie knows the capital cities of every state. What type of memory is this?

Mackenzie easily recalls events in her life but has difficulty remembering trivia. Mackenzie shows good _____ memory, but poor _____ memory.

Which type of memory is more likely to be forgotten?

Ninety-year-old Ben enjoys talking about growing up on a corn farm in Illinois. Given his age, Ben's episodic memory is likely to be

Memory about life's events is labeled

Anna is trying to remember a quote she learned years ago. She can remember the class she heard it in and the professor that spoke it but not the actual quote. What type of memory does Anna have for this recollection?

Which of the following is 70-year-old Leo MOST likely to forget?

Andrea is worried that she will forget to take her antibiotic prescription three times daily. Andrea feels her _____ memory is weak.

Research shows that adults remember more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades. This is known as

Manipulating and transforming information in memory is called

Ideas about what categories represent and how they are generalized are called

A young infant may believe that a bird is more like an airplane than an animal if the infant uses

A child recognizes that an airplane is more like a car than a bird if the child uses

Two-year old Lara likes to play with a blue ball. One day, she sees her mother put a globe on the table. How will Lara MOST likely categorize the globe? Ball.

Recent research shows that some very young children develop an intense interest in a specific category of objects or activities. Which of the following sets of categories would MOST likely interest 2-year-old Robert according to the findings?

One-year-old Stanley is visiting a petting zoo. Which of the following MOST likely illustrates Stanley's current ability to categorize objects?

According to Langer (2005), _____ is being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities.

Identifying and formulating questions and organizing thoughts are all parts of

Critical thinking skills can be BEST developed when the teacher

Dr. Cook encourages her students to wonder, probe, analyze, question, and reflect rather than learn facts by rote memorization. She values

What can educators do to help children become better thinkers?

What does Michael Pressley believe about training thinking skills in children?

Which of the following aids in making an effective strategy become automatic? .

Which of the following is NOT one of Michael Pressley's views about problem-solving instruction?

Which of the following is TRUE of children's effective problem solving?

Being aware of options and available alternatives that allow for adaptation to situations is known as

Which of the following is NOT true of adolescents' decision-making ability? Adolescents tend to make better decisions when they are emotionally aroused. Which of the following impacts an adolescent's decision to engage in risk-taking behaviors?

The dual-process model argues that there are two cognitive systems, which complete with each other. They are _____ and _____.

Which of the following is NOT a cognitive change that allows for improved critical thinking in adolescence?

During which part of the life span is expertise most likely to appear?

In general, why are 40-year-olds better problem solvers than 20-year-olds?

Compared to younger adults, older adults show greater activity in the frontal and parietal regions while they are engaging in tasks that require cognitive control processes such as

Cognitive training programs show that older adults can improve their thinking skills, implying that

Eighty-year-old Betty believes in the concept of "use it or lose it." In which of the following activities should Betty engage in order to "use it" and reduce rate of cognitive decline?

Although training can improve the cognitive skills of older adults, there is some loss of

Jake is only 25 years old but wants to reduce his chance of losing cognitive impairment when he is older. What can he do now to prepare?

Which of the following older adults has the least successful strategy for improving his cognitive skills? Dwayne manages his finances using a computer program. Cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing is called

Knowledge about memory is called

The awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others is called

Studies of theory of mind view the child as a(n) _____.

Which of the following would we expect a 3-year-old to understand about another person's mental state?

The realization that people can have false beliefs is fully developed in a majority of children by what age?

One of the significant developments in understanding others' desires is

Which of the following preschool children would MOST likely perform well on theory of mind tasks?

Theory of mind tasks are difficult for children with

By age 6, children know that recognition is easier than recall, short lists are easier to remember than long lists, and that forgetting is more likely over time. They are developing

In general, older adults are as accurate as younger adults in

There are many definitions of intelligence. Which of the following is the designation used in the textbook?

The term individual differences, as discussed in the text, refers to

Who proposed that practical knowledge should be considered part of intelligence?

4. Who would support the notion that intelligence involves using the tools of the culture with help from mentors?

5. The French Ministry of Education asked Alfred Binet to create a method to determine which students

6. Who developed the concept of mental age?

7. A bright child's _____ age is considerably above his or her _____ age.

8. Who coined the term "intelligence quotient"?

9. What was the original numerical concept of an intelligence quotient?

10. What are the content areas of the current Stanford-Binet intelligence test?

11. The Stanford-Binet has been shown to produce scores that approximate a normal distribution. This means that most test takers score

12. Who developed the WISC, WAIS, and WWPSI intelligence tests? David Wechsler

13. A person's IQ, as measured on one of the Wechsler scales, is

14. The effectiveness of a psychological test primarily depends on the

15. Which of the following is true of the predictive validity of intelligence tests?

16. IQ scores should be considered with caution because

17. Mr. Nanchet supervises a Future Business Leaders of America club and admits only those who score in the top 15 percent on an intelligence test because he feels that these students have the most potential to enter successful business careers. This use of an intelligence test is

18. Mary Ann scored a little above average on a general IQ test. She is a highly motivated, hard-working college graduate. Her performance in the workplace most likely will be

19. To be effective, IQ scores should be

20. Who proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

21. Tanisha scores high on traditional intelligence tests due to her strong memory, decision-making skills, and problem-solving abilities. Which Sternberg area is a strength for her?

22. Which of the following types of intelligence are included in Sternberg's theory?

23. Eman's test scores are not high, but he solves problems in unique, insightful ways. Which Sternberg area is a strength for him?

24. Sternberg and Gardner's philosophies are similar in that they consider intelligence to be

25. According to Sternberg, students with which of the following abilities tend to be favored in conventional schools?

26. Russell's test scores are low, but he quickly grasps real-life problems and could be called "street smart." Which Sternberg area is a strength for him?

27. Which statement MOST closely matches Gardner's theory of intelligence?

28. Someone who suffers localized brain damage may maintain functioning in other cognitive domains. This supports Gardner's contention that

29. Ms. Foyle employs multiple intelligence theory in her classroom because she believes that by exploring many cognitive domains children will

30. Gemmy is a journalist and is trying to finish writing her first novel. According to Gardner, she most likely has good _____ intelligence.

31. Snea works as an engineer and her brother is an accountant. According to Gardner, they are both most likely strong in _____ intelligence.

32. Gardner's concepts of ____ intelligence are most closely related to the traditional IQ test.

33. According to Gardner, Charles Darwin is high in _____ intelligence.

34. Spencer loves to sail and plays chess for fun. According to Gardner, he is most likely strong in _____ intelligence.

35. Malian took dance for many years but stopped once she entered medical school. Now a highly regarded surgeon, she no longer has time to dance. According to Gardner, she is strong in _____ intelligence.

36. Marcus taught elementary school for several years before pursuing a career as a mental health counselor within the education system. According to Gardner, he is most likely strong in _____ intelligence.

37. According to Gardner, psychologists should be high in _____ intelligence.

38. According to Gardner, philosophers demonstrate a form of _____ intelligence.

39. Colin does not earn high scores on standardized tests but has a black belt in martial arts. According to Gardner, Colin has _____ skills.

40. Gardner's newest proposed type of intelligence is

41. The term that Goleman, Salvoy, and Mayer use for the ability to perceive, express, understand, use, and manage feelings is

42. Critics of emotional intelligence argue that

43. Sternberg's and Gardner's theories of intelligence are alike in that both

44. Critics of multiple intelligences argue that

45. According to Nathan Brody, abstract reasoning, the capacity to acquire knowledge, and problem-solving ability comprises

46. Some experts who support the notion of general intelligence believe that people also have specialized abilities such as spatial and mechanical skills. These skills comprise

47. Which part of the brain is MOST linked with high intelligence?

48. The portion of the variance in a population that is attributed to genes is known as

49. What is the heritability of intelligence?

50. In one study, the amount parents communicated with their children was _____ correlated to Stanford-Binet IQ scores.

51. Rapidly increasing IQ test scores around the world point to the influence of environmental factors. This phenomenon is called the

52. In the nature versus nurture debate regarding intelligence, it is safe to say that intelligence

53. Which of the following children would benefit MOST from a high-quality early intervention that includes education, parenting programs, and support services?

54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about early intervention programs?

55. Cross-cultural studies have indicated that _____ and _____ intelligence can develop independently and may even conflict with each other.

56. What is the BEST explanation for why minorities achieve lower scores on IQ tests?

57. Many intelligence tests are biased because they

58. Which of the following is the BEST example of a culturally fair test question?

59. Which of the following would typically not be considered in the development of a culturally fair test?

60. On average, how do African American and Latino children score on IQ tests when compared to children from non-Latino White families?

61. What are the five components of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

62. On the Bayley mental scale, 6-month-old Joshua should be able to

63. The Fagan test uses the amount of time an infant looks at a _____ compared with the amount of time he/she looks at a _____ to estimate intelligence.

64. Baby Camille is given a series of pictures to look at. Some of these pictures she has seen before and others are new. The amount of time she spends looking at each picture is calculated to measure her intelligence. What test is being given?

65. By Ken's first birthday, he should be able to do all of the following EXCEPT

66. Which if the following is NOT a characteristic seen in infants that correlate with intelligence?

67. In one study, the correlation coefficient of measured IQ at ages 8 and 10 was .88. This shows a _____ correlation.

68. Dr. Smith is conducting a research study on intelligence. He gathers samples of 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year-old participants and compares their results on an IQ test. What type of research is Dr. Smith conducting?

69. Dr. Anderson is interested in how attention changes with age. He gathers a sample of 5-year-olds and tests them twice a year until they are 30. What type of study is Dr. Anderson conducting?

70. According to John Horn, an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills comprise _____ intelligence.

71. According to John Horn, the ability to reason abstractly is _____ intelligence.

72. John Horn believes that _____ intelligence continues to increase throughout the life span, whereas _____ intelligence begins to decline in middle adulthood.

73. A reasonable explanation for why 40-year-olds and 60-year-olds show differences in intelligence test scores is due to

74. According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, middle age is a time of

75. An adult in middle age will do MOST poorly on which of the following tasks?

76. When Schaie assessed intellectual abilities cross-sectionally and longitudinally, which two abilities declined in middle age?

77. According to Baltes, the "hardware" or neurophysiological architecture of the brain is called

78. According to Baltes, the culture-based "software programs" of the mind are called

79. According to Baltes, __________ decline with age, whereas __________ may actually improve.

80. According to Baltes, expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters is called

81. According to research, wisdom is

82. Leonard has had varied life experiences and learned much from judicious mentors. He volunteers with disadvantaged youth and is open to new adventures. Baltes and associates would say that Leonard displays

83. Which of the following factors contributes the MOST to a person's level of wisdom?

84. Which of the following is true regarding Ardelt's (2010) study on wisdom?

85. Language is a form of communication—spoken, written, or signed—that is based on a system of

86. Cases like the Wild Boy of Aveyron cause us to wonder whether language is

87. Thirty students in a class are given the same list of eight words to use in generating sentences. Each student creates a unique sentence. This is an example of

88. The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences with a finite set of words and rules is

89. The basic unit of sound in a language is a

90. When babies babble "ba, ba, ba," they are demonstrating knowledge of a

91. The "ch" sound in church or change is an example of a

92. Morphology refers to

93. Which of the following statements about morphemes is TRUE?

94. Aiden asks his mom is she "bringed" his favorite toy with her. His addition of "ed" on the end of the word to make it past tense indicates an understanding of

95. Six-year-old Aspen addresses her teacher, "Me goed to the park. Is you goed too?" She is displaying problems with:

96. The fact that changes in word order can change the meaning of a sentence is an example of

97. Which of the following statements regarding syntax is NOT true?

98. In English we say "white house," (adjective precedes noun), but in Spanish one would say "casa blanca" (noun precedes adjective). This example illustrates different rules of

99. Words have semantic restrictions on how they can be used in sentences because

100. Which statement describes the sentence

101. The use of correct rules for conversation is part of the definition of

102. Twelve-year-old Cade is able to produce all of the sounds of speech and construct complete, accurate, meaningful sentences but struggles with taking turns in a discussion, recognizing humor and figurative language. He is having communication difficulty in the area of

103. When 6-year-old Sebastian is at the pool, he sees a heavy woman in a black and white bathing suit and yells "orca!" This illustrates a violation of

104. Which of the following statements is NOT true about an infant's use of gestures?

105. In a baby's first year of life, what language development stage comes after crying?

106. What primary function does vocalization (crying, cooing, babbling and gestures) accomplish for infants?

107. Research about the ability of infants to distinguish human speech sounds indicates that

108. According to Kuhl's research, at birth, infants are "citizens of the world," able to recognize sounds regardless of from which language the syllables come. At what age do infants get better at perceiving the changes in sounds in their own language?

109. Research on the ability of infants to understand words indicates that infants

110. Why is it difficult for infants to detect word boundaries?

111. Which of the following statements about language development is TRUE?

112. A child's first words mainly consist of

113. A rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary that usually takes place between 18 and 24 months is known as

114. Natalie has just turned 2 years old. About how many words are in her speaking vocabulary?

115. Jenny is at the zoo with her family. She points to each animal and says "doggie." This illustrates

116. At what age can Emily expect her child to say, "Get shoes"?

117. Telegraphic speech is characterized by

118. Anthony holds up his glass and says, "Milk gone." What type of speech pattern is this?

119. All children acquire the particular features of a language

120. Berko's study demonstrated children's understanding of morphological rules. Because the words in the study were fictional, it is impressive to note that the children in the study

121. When a child struggles with speech and language development, the professional who provides therapeutic intervention is a(n)

122. As children move beyond two-word utterances, they begin using plural and possessive nouns, appropriate verb endings, prepositions, articles, and various forms of the verb "to be." This is evidence that the children

123. Children's ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after only a limited exposure to the word is called

124. According to Berninger, children who enter elementary school with a small vocabulary are at risk for developing

125. A pragmatic characteristic of a 4-year-old is that they

126. Chad's parents live on the poverty line. All of the following are important home literacy experiences for Chad's language development EXCEPT

127. According to Hart and Risley, which group of parents talked less to their young children, talked less about past events, and provided less elaboration?

128. Which of the following would have the LEAST positive influence on a young child's vocabulary development?

129. In social situations, 4- to 5-year-olds will

130. All of the following are precursors of literacy and academic success EXCEPT

131. In which of the following countries would the rates of dyslexia be expected to be highest?

132. Knowing that letters represent sounds in language refers to

133. Preschool children typically respond to a stimulus word with a related word interaction such as agent-action or action-object (cow-moo or drink-milk). By 7 years of age, children start responding with the same part of speech as the stimulus word (hot dog-hamburger). This is evidence that children at this age have begun to _____ their vocabulary.

134. Metalinguistic awareness improves considerably in the elementary school years and allows children to

135. Which language approach stresses that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning?

136. Which language approach stresses that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning?

137. Marquessa is teaching her son to read by sounding out words and having him repeat them in storybooks she reads to him. What approach is she uaing?

138. Cecilia begins teaching children to read by having them learn to make sounds that go with each letter of the alphabet. Which language approach is Cecilia taking?

139. Research comparing the approaches of whole-language and phonics has shown that

140. Which of the following is true of writing in the early elementary years?

141. Mrs. Nakayama's students have above-average writing skills. Which of the following statements most likely describes this teacher's classroom environment?

142. When Juan moved to the United States from Mexico, he and his parents spoke only Spanish. After some time, he and his parents spoke Spanish and English at home. Now they only speak English. This is an example of

143. José's basic academic subjects are taught in his native language of Spanish. English is gradually taught as a companion subject. This is an example of

144. Which of the following is an example of the dual-language approach in a U.S. school?

145. When is the easiest time to learn a second language?

146. Researchers have found it generally takes immigrant children how long to become proficient in speaking English?

147. Increased sophistication in word use (metaphors, satire, dialect, etc.) is characteristic of language development during

148. An implied comparison between two ideas that is conveyed by the abstract meaning contained in the words used to make the comparison is a

149. The use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly is known as

150. You see your friend and say "Sup dude?" this is an example of

151. Which of the following is NOT a reason that adolescents tend to be better writers than younger children?

152. Young adolescents often speak a dialect with their peers that is characterized by

153. Language development during the adult years varies greatly among individuals depending on

154. _____ is the use of irony, derision, or wit to expose wickedness.

155. Sixty-five-year-old Ruth is talking on the phone. She stops speaking to search her memory for the right word to use. This is an example of

156. Vocabulary continues to increase until

157. When does the "tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon" become readily apparent?

158. All of the following is true of speech in older adults EXCEPT it is